Testing the Effects of Social Norms and Behavioral Privacy on Hand Washing: A Field Experiment

Lapinski, Maria Knight; Maloney, Erin K.; Braz, Mary; Shulman, Hillary C.

doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01441.x

Cited by 74 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Lapinski and Rimal (2005) state that if the act or outcomes of enacting a behavior are not publicly known, then injunctive norms will likely not influence behavior. Further, Lapinski and colleagues (2013) contend that an interaction between norms and behavioral privacy may only be present when the behavior in question is socially undesirable. Indoor tanning is largely a private behavior, and one that can be perceived as a source of shame (Hunt, Auguston, Rutten, Moser, & Yaroch, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Perceived Descriptive Norms Influence Indoor Tanning Intentions? An Application of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior

Carcioppolo

Dunleavy

Yang

2016

Health Communication

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Indoor tanning bed use is highly influenced by perceived norms about a tanned appearance. The theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) details the many ways in which norms can impact intentions and behavior, but has never been assessed in the context of indoor tanning. Considering this, we conducted a survey among female university students (N = 274) to determine the extent to which the TNSB predicted intentions to use indoor tanning beds. Overall, the path model predicted about 46% of the variance in intentions, and the majority of significant indirect effects were witnessed through the outcome expectation variables included in the TNSB, suggesting that these may be the most salient mechanisms – as predicted by the TNSB – through which norms can impact tanning intentions. In light of these results, theoretical and practical implications are discussed, and specific recommendations are given to extend the predictive utility of the TNSB in the context of indoor tanning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Perceived Descriptive Norms Influence Indoor Tanning Intentions? An Application of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior

Carcioppolo

Dunleavy

Yang

2016

Health Communication

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“…DN were elicited by asking respondents three questions about their perceptions of the proportion of key groups living in the United States (friends, family members, and other Asians) having ever had HBV screening (Lapinski, Maloney, Braz, & Shulman, 2013; Rimal & Real, 2005). Response categories ranged from none (1) to all (7).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IN focused on respondents’ perceptions about support for HBV screening, specifically by asking whether participants believed other persons (family members, close friends, most people that they know, and their physician) approved of having HBV screening (Lapinski et al, 2013; Rimal & Real, 2005) ( n = 4, α = 0.94). A 7-point Likert scale was used, ranging from “strongly disagree” (1) to “strongly agree” (7).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Norm, Family Communication, and HBV Screening among Asian Americans

Juon

Rimal

Klassen

et al. 2017

Journal of Health Communication

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Individuals’ behaviors are influenced by those of others in their social environment (i.e., descriptive norms), as well as by how individuals perceive they should behave in that environment (e.g., injunctive norms). Although social norms are thought to play an important role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening, limited theoretical or empirical guidance exists on how the underlying process works. In addition, norms are social phenomena that are spread through family discussion about the importance of getting HBV screening. Using the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB), this study examined the roles of injunctive norms (IN), descriptive norms (DN), and family discussion in HBV screening behavior among Asian Americans. Data from a survey of Asian Americans in the Baltimore Washington metropolitan area (N = 877) were used to test underlying theoretical propositions. DN and family discussion emerged as key factors in HBV screening behavior among all Asian Americans. IN were associated with HBV screening among Chinese and Korean Americans, but not for Vietnamese Americans. Family discussion moderated the influence of DN on behavior among Chinese and Vietnamese Americans. However, the main effect of DN on screening behavior was not modified by IN (no interactions between DN and IN). The results indicate that family discussion and social norms are integral in enabling Asian Americans to undergo HBV screening and warrant sensitivity in the design and implementation of a liver cancer prevention program in this high-risk group of Asian Americans.

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“…While the majority of SNT research has concentrated on alcohol consumption (e.g., Perkins, 2007), handwashing in students has recently been the focus of a small number of studies (e.g., Lapinski, Maloney, Braz and Shulman, 2013;Miko et al, 2013). Mackert, Liang and Champlin (2013) found that students reported that they washed their hands after using the bathroom 88% of the time but estimated that their peers only washed theirs 58.6% of the time.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effects of perceived social norms on handwashing behaviour in students

Dickie

Rasmussen

Cain

et al. 2017

Psychology, Health & Medicine

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Handwashing is widely considered the most effective method of preventing the spread of infectious illness. Exploring the determinants of handwashing is vital to the development of interventions to increase this behaviour. A survey based on Social Norms Theory assessed handwashing frequency and perceptions of peer handwashing in 255 university students. Participants reported their own handwashing frequency, and how often they thought their peers washed their hands in particular circumstances, to determine whether misperceptions around handwashing exist, and whether these influence the behaviour of individuals. Gender was found to be a significant determinant of handwashing frequency as females reported washing their hands significantly more often than males. Participants also believed they washed their hands significantly more frequently than their peers. Perceived peer handwashing frequency was significantly correlated with participants' own behaviour. This effect was seen in overall handwashing and in food, waste and illness-related hand washing. These results suggest perceived social norms around hand washing have a clear association with individual behaviour. Future research might test the effectiveness of a social norms intervention in other settings which carry an increased risk of infection spread.

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Testing the Effects of Social Norms and Behavioral Privacy on Hand Washing: A Field Experiment

Cited by 74 publications

References 28 publications

How Do Perceived Descriptive Norms Influence Indoor Tanning Intentions? An Application of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior

How Do Perceived Descriptive Norms Influence Indoor Tanning Intentions? An Application of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior

Social Norm, Family Communication, and HBV Screening among Asian Americans

The effects of perceived social norms on handwashing behaviour in students

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