Testing the early Late Ordovician cool-water hypothesis with oxygen isotopes from conodont apatite

Quinton, Page C.; Law, Stacey; MacLeod, Kenneth G.; Herrmann, Achim D.; Haynes, John T.; Leslie, Stephen A.

doi:10.1017/s0016756817000589

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Similarly, based on the oxygen isotopic composition of sandstone cements, Hyodo, Kozdon, Pollington, and Valley () demonstrated that quartz cements of Ordovician sandstones that underlie the studied limestones formed in a near‐surface environment at low temperatures (~40°C), lending support to the interpretation that the Ordovician rocks never experienced burial depths greater than 500 m (Figure b; Luczaj, ). Furthermore, the conodont alteration index of conodonts extracted from this outcrop is between 1 and 1.5 and supports these temperature estimates (Quinton et al., ), indicating that no alteration of Ce or Eu anomalies occurred due to elevated temperatures.…”

Section: Interpretation and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…(b) Generalized geohistory plot illustrating the burial history of sediments in eastern Wisconsin since the Ordovician (redrawn from Luczaj, 2006). Several geochemical proxies (e.g., organic maturity, oxygen isotopic composition of sandstone cements, oxygen isotopic composition of conodont apatite) and stratigraphic reconstructions suggest that Ordovician rocks in this area were never buried deeper than 1 km and only experience temperatures lower than 40-60°C (Hyodo et al, 2014;Luczaj, 2006;Quinton et al, 2017) environments ranging from inner ramp to outer ramp depositional settings (Choi & Simo, 1998;Choi, Simo, & Saylor, 1999;Witzke & Ludvigson, 2005).…”

Section: Regional Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

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In situ geochemistry of middle Ordovician dolomites of the upper Mississippi valley

Callen

Herrmann

2018

The Depositional Record

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The dolomitization and diagenetic history of Ordovician carbonates of southern Wisconsin is complex. Previous studies attributed dolomitization to various diagenetic factors and environments. In this study, high‐resolution, in situ laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry analysis of rare earth element patterns of dolomite was used to assess the diagenetic fluids responsible for dolomitization of the Ordovician Decorah Formation. Integrated geochemical data and petrographic evidence suggest that the dolostones are formed in two different diagenetic realms: shallow burial and hydrothermal. Shallow burial dolomites exhibit three distinct rare earth element patterns. Dolomite from the middle portion of the Guttenberg Member exhibits light rare earth element enrichment consistent with early burial dolomitization. Dolomites of the Carimona, Specht's Ferry and Lower Guttenberg members are often burrow associated and exhibit medium rare earth element enrichment associated with Fe‐oxide desorption in anoxic porewaters. Leaching of Mg from co‐occurring volcanic ash during alteration is a probable source that contributed to the dolomitization. Extensively dolomitized samples in the upper Guttenberg and Ion Member exhibit evidence of hydrothermal dolomitization. The relationship of these heavily dolomitized samples to interbedded limestones provides evidence for a recently proposed hydrothermal dolomitization model invoking pressure solution of calcite and precipitation of dolomite. These early burial and hydrothermal depositional models are consistent with models proposed for overlying and underlying Ordovician dolostones.

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Section: Interpretation and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Regional Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ geochemistry of middle Ordovician dolomites of the upper Mississippi valley

Callen

Herrmann

2018

The Depositional Record

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“…The Sebree Trough stretched for hundreds of kilometers and funneled cool nutrient-rich waters into the craton from the Iapetus Ocean to the south, resulting in deposition of black shales (Kolata et al, 2001). The influx of oceanic water in addition to the deepening of cratonic basins from the Taconic tectophase may have initiated epicontinental estuarine-like circulation patterns in the midcontinent of Laurentia, generating a density-stratified water column that contained cool, oxygen-poor, phosphate-rich oceanic waters that continued until at least the earliest Katian (Wilde, 1991;Kolata et al, 2001;Quinton et al, 2017). Consequently, carbonate platform deposition ceased and a mixed carbonate-clastic facies prevailed within temperate waters across most of east-central Laurentia (Keith, 1989;Ettensohn, 2010).…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersal in the Ordovician: Speciation patterns and paleobiogeographic analyses of brachiopods and trilobites

Lam

Stigall

Matzke

2018

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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The Middle to Late Ordovician was a time of profound biotic diversification, paleoecological change, and major climate shifts. Yet studies examining speciation mechanisms and drivers of dispersal are lacking. In this study, we use Bayesian phylogenetics and maximum likelihood analyses in the R package BioGeoBEARS to reanalyze ten published data matrices of brachiopods and trilobites and produce time-calibrated species-level phylogenetic hypotheses with estimated biogeographic histories. Recovered speciation and biogeographic patterns were examined within four time slices to test for changes in speciation type across major tectonic and paleoclimatic events. Statistical model comparison showed that biogeographic models that ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTA C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T 2 incorporate long-distance founder-event speciation best fit the data for most clades, which indicates that this speciation type, along with vicariance and traditional dispersal, were important for Paleozoic benthic invertebrates. Speciation by dispersal was common throughout the study interval, but notably elevated during times of climate change. Vicariance events occurred synchronously among brachiopod and trilobite lineages, indicating that tectonic, climate, and ocean processes affected benthic and planktotrophic larvae similarly. Middle Ordovician interoceanic dispersal in trilobite lineages was influenced by surface currents along with volcanic island arcs acting as "stepping stones" between areas, indicating most trilobite species may have had a planktic protaspid stage. These factors also influenced brachiopod dispersal across oceanic basins among Laurentia, Avalonia, and Baltica. These results indicate that gyre spin-up and intensification of surface currents were important dispersal mechanisms during this time. Within Laurentia, surface currents, hurricane tracks, and upwelling zones controlled dispersal among basins. Increased speciation during the Middle Ordovician provides support for climatic facilitators for diversification during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Similarly, increased speciation in Laurentian brachiopod lineages during the Hirnantian indicates that some taxa experienced speciation in relation to major climate changes. Overall, this study demonstrates the substantial power and potential for likelihood-based methods for elucidating biotic patterns during the history of life.

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“…In recent years, machine-learning techniques (hereinafter ML) have been applied to volcanology [17,18]. Here, we test whether ML techniques can be applied to these deposits to enhance our ability to identify and correlate these eruptive events that could be used to track environmental and tectonic changes through time and space in order to test tectonostratigraphic hypotheses [5,[19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning Applied to K-Bentonite Geochemistry for Identification and Correlation: The Ordovician Hagan K-Bentonite Complex Case Study

et al. 2021

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Altered tephras (K-bentonites) are of great importance for calibration of the geologic time scale, for local, regional, and global correlations, and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Thus, definitive identification of individual tephras is critical. Single crystal geochemistry has been used to differentiate tephra layers, and apatite is one of the phenocrysts commonly occurring in tephras that has been widely used. Here, we use existing and newly acquired analytical datasets (electron probe micro-analyzer [EPMA] data and laser ablation ICP-MS [LA-ICP-MS] data, respectively) of apatite in several Ordovician K-bentonites that were collected from localities about 1200 km apart (Minnesota/Iowa/Wisconsin and Alabama, United States) to test the use of machine-learning (ML) techniques to identify with confidence individual tephra layers. Our results show that the decision tree based on EPMA data uses the elemental concentration patterns of Mg, Mn, and Cl, consistent with previous studies that emphasizes the utility of these elements for distinguishing Ordovician K-bentonites. Differences in the experimental setups of the analyses, however, can lead to offsets in absolute elemental concentrations that can have a significant impact on the correct identification and correlation of individual K-bentonite beds. The ML model using LA-ICP-MS data was able to identify several K-bentonites in the southern Appalachians and establish links to K-bentonites samples from the Upper Mississippi Valley. Furthermore, the ML model identified individual layers of multiphase eruptions, thus illustrating very well the great potential of applying ML techniques to tephrochronology.

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Testing the early Late Ordovician cool-water hypothesis with oxygen isotopes from conodont apatite

Cited by 26 publications

References 53 publications

In situ geochemistry of middle Ordovician dolomites of the upper Mississippi valley

In situ geochemistry of middle Ordovician dolomites of the upper Mississippi valley

Dispersal in the Ordovician: Speciation patterns and paleobiogeographic analyses of brachiopods and trilobites

Machine Learning Applied to K-Bentonite Geochemistry for Identification and Correlation: The Ordovician Hagan K-Bentonite Complex Case Study

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