Testing of the Greenhouse Emission Model for application of plant protection products via drip irrigation in soilless cultivation

Wipfler, E.L.; Beltman, W.H.J.; Boesten, J.J.T.I.; Hoogsteen, M.J.J.; Linden, A.M.A. van der; Os, E.A. va; Staaij, M. van der; Swinkels, G.L.A.M.

doi:10.18174/522831

Cited by 2 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…• The Greenhouse Emission Model (GEM, protected cultivation, see Wipfler et al, 2015) • The Nationale Milieuindicator (NMI, cultivation in the open field, see Kruijne et al, 2012) 2. Exposure of water organisms to pesticides is calculated by application of models such as WATERSTROMEN (Voogt et al, 2012), Substance Emission Model (Van der Linden et al, 2015), TOXSWA (Beltman et al, 2014) and meta-PEARL (Tiktak et al, 2012).…”

Section: Figure S1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• het Greenhouse Emission Model (GEM, beschermde teelt, zie Wipfler et al, 2015) • De Nationale Milieuindicator (NMI, teelt in de volle grond, zie Kruijne et al, 2012)) 2. Blootstelling van waterorganismen aan bestrijdingsmiddelen wordt berekend door toepassing van modellen zoals WATERSTROMEN (Voogt et al, 2012), Substance Emission Model (Van der Linden et al, 2015), TOXSWA (Beltman et al, 2014) en meta-PEARL (Tiktak et al, 2012).…”

Section: Figuur S1 Conceptuele Aanpak Van De Migunclassified

“…the Greenhouse emission model (GEM). These methods are extensively documented (Kruijne et al, 2012;Vermeulen et al, 2010;Wipfler et al 2015). For the EICP documentation in the following, we have repeated most relevant and critical elements but refer for details to the respective original documentation.…”

Section: Requirements To the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A short discussion about the relation between EICP and NMI is given in Section 5.2. For more details and in-depth information, we recommend looking into the documents we refer to (especially Kruijne et al, 2012 for NMI andWipfler et al 2015 for GEM).…”

Section: Requirements To the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The GEM model approach for soil-bound cultivation is used for calculating the environmental impact of pesticides in these production types (Wipfler et al, 2015). For soil bound cultivation the GEM model calculates emission to surface water for pesticides as well as leaching to groundwater; surface water as a habitat for aquatic organisms and groundwater as source of drinking water.…”

Section: 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Indicator Crop Protection (EICP) : documentation of calculation rules

Focks

Lageschaar²,

Leendertse³

et al. 2023

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This project received financial support from the Top Sector for Horticulture & Starting Materials. Within the Top Sector, the business community, knowledge institutions and the government work together on innovations in the field of sustainable production of healthy and safe food and the development of a healthy, green living environment. Project number TU18143. This document contains the methodological description of the environmental indicator crop protection (EICP). This indicator has been developed based on existing models and model components. The methodology is consistent with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and Dutch Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides (Ctgb) guidelines and based on methodology as applied by the Ctgb and EFSA in the assessment of plant protection products (PPPs). The EICP calculates the impacts on six protection goals: Groundwater, Aquatic organisms, In-soil organisms, Non-target arthropods, Pollinators and Birds & Mammals. Dit document bevat de methodologische beschrijving van de milieu-indicator gewasbescherming (MIG). Deze indicator is ontwikkeld op basis van bestaande modellen en modelcomponenten. De methodiek is consistent met de richtlijnen van de EFSA en het Ctgb en gebaseerd op de methodiek zoals gehanteerd door het College voor de Toelating van Gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en Biociden (Ctgb) en de Europese Autoriteit voor Voedselveiligheid (EFSA) bij de beoordeling van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen (PPP's). De EICP berekent de effecten op zes beschermingsdoelen: grondwater, waterorganismen, bodemorganismen, niet-doelwit arthropoden, bestuivers en vogels & zoogdieren.

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Section: Figure S1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figuur S1 Conceptuele Aanpak Van De Migunclassified

Section: Requirements To the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Requirements To the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Indicator Crop Protection (EICP) : documentation of calculation rules

Focks

Lageschaar²,

Leendertse³

et al. 2023

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Testing the Greenhouse Emission Model (GEM) for Pesticides Applied via Drip Irrigation to Stone Wool Mats Growing Sweet Pepper in a Recirculation System

Wipfler

Boesten

et al. 2023

Horticulturae

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Pesticide emissions to surface water from greenhouses with crops grown on substrates in open or closed systems may be significant. It is important, therefore, to test models such as the Greenhouse Emission Model (GEM), which was developed to assess these emissions as part of the Dutch authorization procedure for use of plant protection products in greenhouses. GEM was tested using an experiment in which imidacloprid and pymetrozine were applied via drip irrigation to stone wool mats growing sweet pepper. The irrigation system in such greenhouses consists of a mixing tank to prepare the nutrient solution and a series of tanks to treat and recirculate the drain water back to the mixing tank. Emissions may occur because (part of) this recirculation water may be discharged or leached to the surface water. GEM assumes that all tanks are perfectly mixed. GEM further assumes that the water in these mats is perfectly mixed and that the pesticide behavior can be simulated by assuming one perfectly mixed reservoir. The model predicted breakthrough of both pesticides out of the mats earlier than measured, and the measured maximum concentrations were approximately two times lower than predicted. We considered a series of possible causes, including a smaller water volume in the mats, a higher plant uptake factor, and sorption to the stone wool. The model performance improved by representing the mats as a sequence of two equally large tanks with plant uptake restricted to the first tank. We recommend to study the solute transport process and the distribution of plant roots in the mats in more detail to further underpin the hypothesis used and improve the model. After this first validation, the GEM model might also be used in other countries to forecast emissions of PPPs to surface water.

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Testing of the Greenhouse Emission Model for application of plant protection products via drip irrigation in soilless cultivation

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Environmental Indicator Crop Protection (EICP) : documentation of calculation rules

Environmental Indicator Crop Protection (EICP) : documentation of calculation rules

Testing the Greenhouse Emission Model (GEM) for Pesticides Applied via Drip Irrigation to Stone Wool Mats Growing Sweet Pepper in a Recirculation System

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