Testing of lithium-ion 18650 cells and characterizing/predicting cell performance

Fellner, Joseph P.; Loeber, Gary J.; Sandhu, Sarwan S.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(98)00238-9

Cited by 39 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…From the beginning of the nineties, lithium-ion technology has received considerable attention due to the high energy density, power capabilities compared to VRLA, nickel-metal hydride and nickel cadmium based technologies [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Due to the lowest standard reduction potential (E° = −3.04 V), equivalent weight (M = 6.94 g/mol) and high exchange current density, lithium as an electrode can be considered as a most favourable material [35] as it is presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles—Assessment of Electrical Characteristics

et al. 2012

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Abstract:In this paper, the performances of various lithium-ion chemistries for use in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have been investigated and compared to several other rechargeable energy storage systems technologies such as lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride and electrical-double layer capacitors. The analysis has shown the beneficial properties of lithium-ion in the terms of energy density, power density and rate capabilities. Particularly, the nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode stands out with the high energy density up to 160 Wh/kg, compared to 70-110, 90 and 71 Wh/kg for lithium iron phosphate cathode, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum cathode and, lithium titanate oxide anode battery cells, respectively. These values are considerably higher than the lead-acid (23-28 Wh/kg) and nickel-metal hydride (44-53 Wh/kg) battery technologies. The dynamic discharge performance test shows that the energy efficiency of the lithium-ion batteries is significantly higher than the lead-acid and nickel-metal hydride technologies. The efficiency varies between 86% and 98%, with the best values obtained by pouch battery cells, ahead of cylindrical and prismatic battery design concepts. Also the power capacity of lithium-ion technology is superior compared to other technologies. The power density is in the range of 300-2400 W/kg against 200-400 and 90-120 W/kg for lead-acid and nickel-metal hydride, respectively. However, considering the influence of energy efficiency, the power density is in the range of 100-1150 W/kg. Lithium-ion batteries optimized for high energy are at the OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2012, 5 2953 lower end of this range and are challenged to meet the United States Advanced Battery Consortium, SuperLIB and Massachusetts Institute of Technology goals. Their association with electric-double layer capacitors, which have low energy density (4-6 Wh/kg) but outstanding power capabilities, could be very interesting. The study of the rate capability of the lithium-ion batteries has allowed for a new state of charge estimation, encompassing all essential performance parameters. The rate capabilities tests are reflected by Peukert constants, which are significantly lower for lithium-ion batteries than for nickel-metal hydride and lead-acid. Furthermore, rate capabilities during charging have been investigated. Lithium-ion batteries are able to store about 80% of the capacity at current rate 2I t , with high power cells accepting over 90%. At higher charging rates of 5I t or more, the internal resistance impedes charge acceptance by high energy cells. The lithium titanate anode, due to its high surface area (100 m 2 /g compared to 3 m 2 /g for the graphite based anode) performs much better in this respect. The behavior of lithium-ion batteries has been investigated at different conditions. The analysis has leaded us to a new lithium ion battery model. This model will be compared to existing battery models in future research contributions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles—Assessment of Electrical Characteristics

et al. 2012

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“…can experience an internal temperature of more than 38 o C. [4] When 100Ah class lithium ion battery module is tested for electric vehicle, temperature difference between charging and discharging inside module was 8 o C. [5] In both of cases, they monitored temperature on surface of cell case, not inside of cell or on the surface of electrode. The temperature on surface of the electrode may be significantly higher.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical analysis for cycle performance and capacity fading of a lithium-ion battery cycled at elevated temperature

Shim

Kostecki

Richardson

et al. 2002

Journal of Power Sources

445

223

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Laboratory-size LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 /graphite lithium-ion pouch cells were cycled over 100% DOD at room temperature and 60°C in order to investigate high-temperature degradation mechanisms of this important technology. Capacity fade for the cell was correlated with that for the individual components, using electrochemical analysis of the electrodes and other diagnostic techniques. The high-temperature cell lost 65% of its initial capacity after 140 cycles at 60 o C compared to only 4% loss for the cell cycled at room temperature. Cell ohmic impedance increased significantly with the elevated temperature cycling, resulting in some of loss of capacity at the C/2 rate. However, as determined with slow rate testing of the individual electrodes, the anode retained most of its original capacity, while the cathode lost 65%, even when cycled with a fresh source of lithium.Diagnostic evaluation of cell components including XRD, Raman, CSAFM and suggest capacity loss occurs primarily due to a rise in the impedance of the cathode, especially at the end-of-charge. The impedance rise may be caused in part by a loss of the conductive carbon at the surface of the cathode and/or by an organic film on the surface of the cathode that becomes non-ionically conductive at low lithium content.

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“…In order to determine whether the cell really fails, we should firstly convert C(n, temp 0 ) to the equivalent capacity at room temperature, which is defined as room-temperature-capacity and denoted as C r (n, temp 0 ). According to (5), the difference between a cell's capacity at temp r and temp 0 is:…”

Section: Life Prediction Considering Temperature Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike the laboratory testing condition, cells in the field-use condition are usually run under complex temperature profiles. Previous researches indicate that the capacity fading process of Lithium-ion cells is significantly influenced by temperature [5,7,10]. In [10], capacity fading of Lithium-ion cells can be divided into true capacity fading and temporary capacity loss.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cycle life prediction of lithium-ion cells under complex temperature profiles

Cheng

Pan

et al. 2016

EiN

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These studies mentioned above, however, are mainly conducted based on the cycle life tests under one or more deterministic temperature levels, in which the high-precision temperature chamber and rigid data acquisition methods are required. Unlike the laboratory testing condition, cells in the field-use condition are usually run under complex temperature profiles. Previous researches indicate that the capacity fading process of Lithium-ion cells is significantly influenced by temperature [5,7,10]. In [10], capacity fading of Lithium-ion cells can be divided into true capacity fading and temporary capacity loss. True capacity fading leads to permanent capacity loss as a result of lithium ion and active material consuming, where high temperatures will accelerate the fading rate. On the other hand, temporary capacity loss is due to the temperature drop in a certain cycle, which is somewhat recoverable if the temperature goes back. A more accurate capacity fading model can be obtained by considering these temperature effects, especially for the cells operating under field-use conditions.However, because of the difficulty in modeling the complicated temperature effects, the existing papers regarding capacity fading modeling or cycle life prediction under complex temperature profiles are very rare. In most of them, the classic regression-based approach [6] is adopted, which assumes that field conditions are deterministic or to simply use the mean value of temperatures while ignore their variability. This approach may result in significant prediction errors. For predicting the cycle life of Lithium-ion cells without the temperature chamber, this paper proposes a cycle life prediction method considering complex temperature profiles, including a cycle life test plan and an improved capacity fading model.In our test, cells experience ambient temperature that continuously varies at all times. It will lead to the variance of cell capacity. The variance contains abundant information about cycle life and the relationship between cycle life and temperature. If we can effectively mine the information from the immense performance data using data modeling methods, the cycle life of Lithium-ion cells can be predicted accurately.In this paper, firstly, the cycle life test plan for Lithium-ion cells under complex temperature profiles is introduced. Then, the classic regression-based life prediction method which ignores temperature effects is reviewed. Based on the classic method, we establish a more accurate capacity fading model, by taking into account the effects of temperature on both the actual capacity fading and the temporal capacity loss. Using the data acquired from the cycle life test, the parameters of the model are estimated. At last, the cycle life of this type of Lithium-ion cells is predicted. Experimental Testing proceduresIn the cycle life test, 6 LiFePO 4 18650 cells, which are indexed as Cell #1, Cell #2,· · ·, Cell #6 respectively, are used to charge and discharge repetitively. The parameters setup of these cells i...

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Testing of lithium-ion 18650 cells and characterizing/predicting cell performance

Cited by 39 publications

References 2 publications

Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles—Assessment of Electrical Characteristics

Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles—Assessment of Electrical Characteristics

Electrochemical analysis for cycle performance and capacity fading of a lithium-ion battery cycled at elevated temperature

Cycle life prediction of lithium-ion cells under complex temperature profiles

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