Testing of Household Products and Materials for Emission of Toluene Diisocyanate

Kelly, Thomas J.; Myers, Jeffrey D.; Holdren, Michael W.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.t01-2-00006.x

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Similar results were reported in the literature for the isomers of toluylene diisocyanate (2,4-and 2,6-TDI). Kelly et al (24) measured the isocyanate emission of TDI prepolymers and found higher emission of 2,6-TDI throughout, although 2,4-TDI was the main component in the TDI resins. This was caused by the relative enrichment of 2,6-TDI during the prepolymerization process, which is described in detail by Thompson et al (25).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isocyanate Emission from PUR Adhesives: Influence of Temperature, Monomer Content, and Curing Mechanism

Wirts

Salthammer

2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The isocyanate emission potential of polyurethane (PUR) adhesives was evaluated by measuring the area-specific emission rate (SERa;microg m(-2) h(-1)) in a laboratory emission test chamber. The chamber was constructed for the analysis of reactive substances allowing quantitative trapping of all isocyanate monomers emitted from the substrate. Isocyanates were analyzed as their 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine derivatives by HPLC with fluorescence and UV detection. The influence of temperature, the content of the diisocyanate in the resin, and the system pressure were investigated. These parameter studies gave evidence thatthe diisocyanate emission from the resins is a gas-phase-limited mass transfer. The overall mass-transfer coefficient (beta = Ddelta(-1)) was calculated for HDI and MDI. From the temperature dependence of emission rates, the enthalpies of evaporation for 2,4'-MDI, 4,4'-MDI, and HDI from their resins were determined. The influence of monomer content on SERa followed Henry's and Raoult's laws in the cases of HDI and MDI, respectively, allowing the prediction of emission rates proportional to diisocyanate content. Therefore, from simple parameters such as application temperature and monomer content, isocyanate emission rates can be predicted. Additionally, MDI emission from curing PUR adhesives was studied. These results elucidate the influence of monomer reactivity and curing mechanism on the decrease of MDI emission with time.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isocyanate Emission from PUR Adhesives: Influence of Temperature, Monomer Content, and Curing Mechanism

Wirts

Salthammer

2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Emission levels from our study were lower than those observed in a study that involved a similar product-a commercial concrete sealant. (11) Kelly et al (11) reported an emission rate of 1.99 mg per gram of wet product applied for a 1-hour sample duration with essentially no emission after 1 hour. This is approximately three orders of magnitude greater than our measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Diisocyanate Emission from a Paint Product: A Preliminary Analysis

Jarand¹,

Akapo²,

Swenson³

et al. 2002

Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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Exposure of workers to diisocyanates in the polyurethane foam manufacturing industry is well documented. However, very little quantitative data have been published on exposure to diisocyanates from the use of paints and coatings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate emission of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,6-TDI), and isophorone diisocyanate from a commercially available two-stage concrete coating and sealant. A laboratory model of an outdoor deck coating process was developed and diisocyanate concentrations determined by derivatization with 1-(2-methoxyphenol)-piperazine and subsequent high performance liquid chromatographic analysis with UV detection. The detection limit for 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate urea derivatives was 0.6 microg TDI/gm wet product, and 0.54 microg IPDI/gm wet product for the isophorone diisocyanate urea derivative. No 2,4-toluene diisocyanate or isophorone diisocyanate was detected in the mixed product. A maximum mean 2,6-TDI emission rate of 0.32 microg of 2,6-TDI/gram of wet product applied/hour was observed for the 1-hour sampling time, 0.38 microg of 2,6-TDI/gram of wet product applied/hour was observed for the 5-hour sampling time, and 0.02 micrpg of 2,6-TDI/gram of wet product applied/hour was observed for the 15-hour sampling time. The decrease in rate of 2,6-TDI emission over the 15-hour period indicates that emission of 2,6-TDI is virtually complete after 5 hours. These emission rates should allow industrial hygienists to calculate exposures to isocyanates emitted from at least one curing sealant.

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“…Formaldehyde has been a health concern, especially when released into the home environment. The 1980s had considerable studies on cured UF adhesive stability [ 7 ] identifying wood composites as a source of indoor formaldehyde emissions [ 8 ] as well as work on formaldehyde testing methods [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. There has been a long-term decline in the emissions from particleboard, especially as countries look at tightening the allowed emissions [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Formaldehyde Emission Potential from UF- and NAF-Bonded Particleboards

2020

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As a result of the dominance of urea formaldehyde (UF)-bonded particleboard, it seemed worthwhile to examine formaldehyde emissions years after production. A California Air Resources Board (CARB) phase II-compliant commercial particleboard produced with a UF resin adhesive was compared to a no-added formaldehyde (NAF)-particleboard produced with Soyad™ adhesive resin for formaldehyde emissions during exposure to elevated humidity and temperature conditions after being in a room at 21 ± 1.9 °C, 50 ± 3.3% relative humidity for 3.5 years. A modified version of EN 717-3 was used to collect formaldehyde emissions under typical along with higher temperature and humidity conditions. The formaldehyde emissions from the commercial particleboard panel bonded with a UF adhesive even after the 3.5 years of exposure greatly increased only during exposure of the panels to elevated heat and humidity compared to typical testing conditions. The amounts were the same as those with the previous shorter-term study. In contrast, formaldehyde emissions from the NAF-bonded particleboard were not as susceptible (in absolute terms) to increases in temperature and relative humidity conditions.

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Testing of Household Products and Materials for Emission of Toluene Diisocyanate

Cited by 22 publications

References 12 publications

Isocyanate Emission from PUR Adhesives: Influence of Temperature, Monomer Content, and Curing Mechanism

Isocyanate Emission from PUR Adhesives: Influence of Temperature, Monomer Content, and Curing Mechanism

Diisocyanate Emission from a Paint Product: A Preliminary Analysis

Long-Term Formaldehyde Emission Potential from UF- and NAF-Bonded Particleboards

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