Testing local cacao selections in Sulawesi for resistance to vascular streak dieback

McMahon, Peter; Susilo, Agung Wahyu; Parawansa, Ayu Kartini; Bryceson, Susanna R.; Nurlaila,; Mulia, Sahardi; Saftar, Ashar; Purwantara, Agus; Purung, Hussin bin; Lambert, Smilja; Guest, David; Keane, P. J.

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2018.02.026

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Weather extremes, such as extended droughts, heavy rains, or dramatic temperature swings, may harm trees and increase their susceptibility to VSD diseases [15]. Inadequate pest and disease control, improper pruning methods, or excessive fertilizer or pesticide use are just a few examples of poor agricultural practices that can damage trees and hasten the emergence of VSD [3,16].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Traits of farming practice affecting vascular streak dieback disease on cacao in Central Sulawesi

Edy,

Hamid,

Lakani

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Vascular streak dieback (VSD) caused by the basidiomycete Ceratobasidium theobromae is one of the most important cocoa diseases in Central Sulawesi, causing branch dieback with an infection can kill seedlings and mature trees on susceptible cocoa varieties. This objective of this study is to examine the disease incidence of VSD in cacao in the field, determine the factors that influence the disease, and distinguish the characteristics of cocoa stomata from healthy plants and those infected with C. theobromae. All environmental variables tested were rainfall, wind speed, temperature, elevation, fertilizer; insecticide, herbicide, and fungicide applied; pruning, age of cacao trees, number of trees per plot (population); agricultural farming systems (monoculture or polyculture) sanitation of the plantation, number of stomata, diameter stomata, stomatal density. This study was carried out at the cacao plantations in center of cocoa plantation in Central Sulawesi districts by using generalized linear models. The study showed that C. theobromae infected all of the plantations on the study sites selected. Off all variable tested, fungicide, sanitation, number of stomata and the density of stomata were the significantly influence the disease incidence of VSD in cocoa plantation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been reports of pod rot, canker, and vascular streak dieback (VSD) infections on plantations in Central Sulawesi [2]. The most harmful to cocoa production is VSD disease, particularly in local cocoa varieties [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traits of farming practice affecting vascular streak dieback disease on cacao in Central Sulawesi

Edy,

Hamid,

Lakani

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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“…It is possible that the levels of resistance found in several Upper Amazon and Trinitario genotypes reduce the future threat of the disease, mainly in Southeast Asia [ 52 ]. In Sulawesi, tests for resistance are also being carried out in high-yielding local cocoa clones and suggest strategies for incorporating VSD resistance [ 53 , 54 ]. Recently, Marelli et al [ 7 ] highlighted that this pathogen could not move from the vascular tissue to the placenta and colonize the beans.…”

Section: Preharvestmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

Delgado‐Ospina

Molina-Hernández

Chaves‐López

et al. 2021

JoF

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Background: The role of fungi in cocoa crops is mainly associated with plant diseases and contamination of harvest with unwanted metabolites such as mycotoxins that can reach the final consumer. However, in recent years there has been interest in discovering other existing interactions in the environment that may be beneficial, such as antagonism, commensalism, and the production of specific enzymes, among others. Scope and approach: This review summarizes the different fungi species involved in cocoa production and the cocoa supply chain. In particular, it examines the presence of fungal species during cultivation, harvest, fermentation, drying, and storage, emphasizing the factors that possibly influence their prevalence in the different stages of production and the health risks associated with the production of mycotoxins in the light of recent literature. Key findings and conclusion: Fungi associated with the cocoa production chain have many different roles. They have evolved in a varied range of ecosystems in close association with plants and various habitats, affecting nearly all the cocoa chain steps. Reports of the isolation of 60 genera of fungi were found, of which only 19 were involved in several stages. Although endophytic fungi can help control some diseases caused by pathogenic fungi, climate change, with increased rain and temperatures, together with intensified exchanges, can favour most of these fungal infections, and the presence of highly aggressive new fungal genotypes increasing the concern of mycotoxin production. For this reason, mitigation strategies need to be determined to prevent the spread of disease-causing fungi and preserve beneficial ones.

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“…Indonesia was the second-largest producer in the world and the leading producer in Asia from 1999-2002 [1]. Despite the great potential to expand cocoa production, Indonesia now ranks seventh after Ivory Coast, Ghana, Ecuador, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Brazil [2]. The most commonly cited reasons for this decline are aging trees (mostly planted in the 1980s and 1990s) and pest and disease pressure [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic Somatic Embryogenesis in Indonesian Elite Theobroma cacao L. Clones

Bustami,

Werbrouck

2023

Horticulturae

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To date, in vitro somatic embryogenesis is the only option for the mass vegetative propagation of cocoa. The somatic embryogenesis of Indonesian cocoa clones SUL1 and SUL2 was investigated, focusing on primary and cyclic secondary embryogenesis. The study showed that staminode explants were more effective than petal explants in generating primary somatic embryos (SEs), especially when cultured in liquid medium containing 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.25 mg/L kinetin, with the staminodes of SUL2 producing a significant number of globular SEs. In contrast, SUL1 showed limited SE production. The study also demonstrated that fragmenting cotyledons and hypocotyls of the SEs of SUL2 and culturing them on an induction medium supplemented with 2,4,5-T and proline resulted in a high yield of secondary SEs. This cyclic embryogenesis process, in which the SEs remained attached to the maternal tissue, facilitated continuous SE production and development. The addition of proline was found to improve the quality of SEs, leading to higher production of well-organized, milky SEs with a better-defined meristematic structure. These results suggest a promising protocol to produce SEs from cocoa, with implications for plant transformation and gene editing applications.

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Testing local cacao selections in Sulawesi for resistance to vascular streak dieback

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Traits of farming practice affecting vascular streak dieback disease on cacao in Central Sulawesi

Traits of farming practice affecting vascular streak dieback disease on cacao in Central Sulawesi

The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

Cyclic Somatic Embryogenesis in Indonesian Elite Theobroma cacao L. Clones

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