Testing for unit roots, causality, cointegration, and efficiency: The case of the northwest US natural gas market

Transparency of Retail Energy Pricing: Evidence from the US Natural Gas Industry

“…First, natural gas market reform has led to wholesale market competition throughout North America (De Vany and Walls, ; MacAvoy, ; Mariner‐Volpe and Trapmann, ; Walls, ). Second, notwithstanding market power in some wholesale natural gas market hubs (Murry and Zhu, ) and limited arbitrage due to pipeline capacity shortages (Brown and Yücel, ), ample evidence has shown that the trading hubs in the USA are highly competitive and tightly integrated (De Vany and Walls, , ; Walls, ; Doane and Spulber, ; NEB, ; King and Cuc, ; Serlatis, ; Kleit, ; Cuddington and Wang, ; Park et al ., ; Gebre‐Mariam, ). Finally, there is evidence that wholesale and retail markets are co‐integrated in the statistical sense (Mohammadi, ), the implication of which is that ‘even the smallest volume natural gas customers—residential consumers—have felt the benefits of the industry restructuring’ (Arano and Velikova, , p. 129).…”

Effect of Injection Location and Multi-Hole Nozzle on Mixing Performance in a CNG-Fuelled Engine with Port Gas Injection, Using CFD Analyses

“…According to the theoretical fuel consumption given in Equation (1)- (3), the steady CFD model keeping GID at maximum lift was established to validate that the GID can supply enough fuel to the engine at any operating condition within 7.89ms corresponding to 90 crank angle (CA) at 1900rpm. Under a certain engine operating condition with output power P e , the fuel consumption is given in Equation (1).…”

“…Compressed natural gas (CNG), one of the most promising alternative fuels, is widely used in engines due to its rich resource and cheap price [1]. Although the direct injection technology has been adopted to some gas fuel engine models [2], the multi-point port fuel injection (PFI) is still an important developing direction [3,4].…”