Testing for natural and synthetic anabolic agents in human urine

Ayotte, Christiane; Goudreault, Danielle; Charlebois, A.

doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00032-1

Cited by 189 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…For nandrolone, however, students were asked to focus on glucuronide conjugates, as the glucuronide conjugates of steroids secreted by the kidney are used to detect anabolic steroid use. 1 The students' goal was to propose a general way to beat a urine screen for their particular drug, and to teach other members of their teaching group about what they had learned and how they came to their conclusions regarding the mechanism of elimination and methodology proposed to influence this process. This goal required that students learn about the mechanisms of renal elimination and what factors impact these mechanisms, as well as how their particular drug was eliminated by the kidney.…”

Section: Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hybrid Jigsaw Approach to Teaching Renal Clearance Concepts

Persky¹,

Pollack²

2009

Am J Pharm Educ

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Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness of using a jigsaw cooperative learning approach to teach basic concepts of renal clearance to pharmacy students. Design. Students collected information on the mechanisms of renal clearance for a particular drug and proposed a methodology for circumventing a urine drug screen. Attitudinal surveys, an online quiz, and course examinations were used to assess student learning. Assessment. The majority of students felt apprehensive toward a group assignment prior to the exercise, and afterwards still preferred individual work over group work. Post-exercise quiz and final examination scores showed students successfully learned the material. Conclusions. Students were successful in learning from each other and there was no difference in examination performance compared to years when the technique was not used. In addition, the relative negative experiences of previous group work decreased the subjective attitudes related to the current learning experience.

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Section: Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hybrid Jigsaw Approach to Teaching Renal Clearance Concepts

Persky¹,

Pollack²

2009

Am J Pharm Educ

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“…Two main metabolites were identified in the metabolism of 17␣-methyltestosterone in human: 17␣-methyl-5␣-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol (A2) and 17␣-methyl-5␤-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol (A3) (Schänzer and Donike, 1993). Hydroxylated metabolites have been described in several animals including the horse (Dumasia, 2003;McKinney et al, 2007;Yamada et al, 2007) and the heifer (Blokland et al, 2005).In doping control analysis, the detection of steroid metabolites is normally performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after trimethylsilylation (Schänzer and Donike, 1993;Ayotte et al, 1996;Saugy et al, 2000), achieving the required sensitivity of 2 ng/ml (WADA Technical Document TD2004MRPL version 1.0, 2007, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/perf_limits_2. pdf).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Characterization of a New Metabolite of 17α-Methyltestosterone

Pozo¹,

Eenoo²,

Deventer³

et al. 2009

Drug Metab Dispos

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ABSTRACT:The misuse of the anabolic steroid methyltestosterone is currently routinely monitored in doping control laboratories by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of two of its metabolites: 17␣-methyl-5␤-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol and 17␣-methyl-5␣-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol. Because of the absence of any easy ionizable moiety, these metabolites are poorly detectable using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI). In this study, the metabolism of methyltestosterone has been reinvestigated by the use of a precursor ion scan method in LC-ESI-MS/MS. Two metabolites have been detected using this method. Both compounds have been confirmed in postadministration urine samples of an urokinase plasminogen activator-severe combined immunodeficiency (uPA-SCID) mouse with humanized liver and were characterized by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS using both quadrupole and time of flight analyzers. From the detailed study of the fragmentation, these metabolites were proposed to be epimethyltestosterone and a dehydrogenated compound. Epimethyltestosterone has previously been described as a minor metabolite, whereas the occurrence of the oxidized metabolite has not been reported. Comparison with the synthesized reference revealed that the structure of the dehydrogenated metabolite is 6-ene-epimethyltestosterone. A selected reaction monitoring method including three transitions for each metabolite has been developed and applied to samples from an excretion study and to samples declared positive after GC-MS analysis. 6-Ene-epimethyltestosterone was found in all samples, showing its applicability in the detection of methyltestosterone misuse.Anabolic androgenic steroids are among the most frequently misused compounds by athletes (WADA Laboratory Statistics, 2009, http://www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.idϭ335). 17␣-Methyltestosterone (17␤-hydroxy-17␣-methylandrost-4-en-3-one) has been one of the most detected compounds in doping analysis during the past few years (WADA Laboratory Statistics, 2009, http:// www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.idϭ335). 17␣-Methyltestosterone is rapidly metabolized in humans, and therefore the monitoring of the misuse of this steroid is normally performed by the detection of its metabolites. Two main metabolites were identified in the metabolism of 17␣-methyltestosterone in human: 17␣-methyl-5␣-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol (A2) and 17␣-methyl-5␤-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol (A3) (Schänzer and Donike, 1993). Hydroxylated metabolites have been described in several animals including the horse (Dumasia, 2003;McKinney et al., 2007;Yamada et al., 2007) and the heifer (Blokland et al., 2005).In doping control analysis, the detection of steroid metabolites is normally performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after trimethylsilylation (Schänzer and Donike, 1993;Ayotte et al., 1996;Saugy et al., 2000), achieving the required sensitivity of 2 ng/ml (WADA Technical Document TD2004MRPL version 1.0, 2007, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document...

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“…meio alcalino (Schanzer, Donike, 1993;Ayotte, Goudreault, Chanlebois, 1996;Özer, Temizer, 1997;Schanzer, 1998;Yoon, Lee, 2001;Marcos et al, 2002). Na extração em fase sólida, a resina XAD-2 e colunas C-18 são as mais utilizadas (Özer, Temizer, 1997;Yoon, Lee, 2001).…”

Section: Tabela IV -Resultados Das Análises Por Gc-ms De Amostras De unclassified

“…Na literatura científica alguns métodos cromatográ-ficos foram propostos para detecção de EAA em urina (Schanzer, Donike, 1993;Ayotte, Goudreault, Chanlebois, 1996;Özer, Temizer, 1997;Schanzer, 1998;Yoon, Lee, 2001;Marcos et al, 2002). No presente trabalho, um método analítico por GC-MS para a determinação de EAA e/ou seus produtos de biotransformação em amostras de urina foi validado de acordo com os guias internacionais e nacionais que norteiam as normas de boas práticas laboratoriais (World Anti-Doping Agency, 2003a;ANVISA, 2003).…”

Section: Esteróides Androgênicos Anabólicos (Eaa) São Substâncias Natunclassified