Testing for homogeneity: I. The binomial and multinomial distributions

Potthoff, Richard F.; Whittinghill, Maurice

doi:10.1093/biomet/53.1-2.167

Cited by 103 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For the i th study, denote n i as the number of examined subjects and y i as the number of women with endometriosis. Th e test of heterogeneity in estimates of prevalence was carried out using the following statistic as described in [13] :…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence of Endometriosis in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain

Guo

Wang²

2006

Gynecol Obstet Invest

137

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Background: The 2004 American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology clinical management guideline states that the prevalence of endometriosis is approximately 33% in women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP). This estimate came from a review showing that 28% of adult women with CPP were found to have endometriosis. The prevalence of 28% in adult women was arrived based on a compilation of 11 published studies. Yet even within the 11 studies, the reported prevalence of endometriosis varies wildly, ranging from 2 to 74%. Such an astounding variation or heterogeneity raises the question whether it is appropriate to use a single prevalence of endometriosis for all women with CPP. Methods: We sought to identify possible sources of heterogeneities in the estimation of prevalence of endometriosis in women with CPP. We included more studies that reported prevalence estimates than the review, and examined the effect of sample size and the year of publication on the heterogeneity. Results: The year of publication is positively associated with the prevalence estimate, which may indicate an increasing awareness of various appearances of endometriosis, or the prevalence of endometriosis may have increased among women with CPP. An alternative analysis with removal of four studies reporting highest prevalence estimates indicated that sample size is negatively associated with the prevalence estimates while the year of publication became only marginally significant. Conclusions: There are identifiable sources of heterogeneity in prevalence estimates, with the year of publication, sample size, and difference in evaluation of CPP being three apparent sources. Having a single prevalence estimate for all women with CPP may be too simplistic at best. The true prevalence is very likely to be higher than 33%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under the null hypothesis of homogeneity, G k-1 is distributed approximately as 2 with k -1 degrees of freedom [13] . To formally test whether or not the year of publication, mean age at surgery, and sample size of the study have any eff ect on the prevalence estimate, a mixed-eff ect logit regression model was employed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Endometriosis in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain

Guo

Wang²

2006

Gynecol Obstet Invest

137

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“…Under the null hypothesis, the number of cases in each municipality follows a Poisson distribution, as explained above. The alternative to overdispersion is described by a negative binomial, for which the variance of the mean ratio is 1 + β [32][33][34]. This method expresses overdispersion in relation to the mean by a single parameter β, and β = 0 is tested in a score test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial clustering and space–time clusters of leukemia among children in Germany, 1987–2007

et al. 2010

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“…The results show that use of simulation is particularly impor-tant when small numbers of cases and areas are available for analysis. A similar-test (Potthoff and Whittinghill, 1966a) has been used to check for spatial homogeneity of the probability that haemiiatology reports of immunophenotyping tests were available for ALL cases.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustering of childhood leukaemia in Hong Kong: association with the childhood peak and common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and with population mixing

Alexander

Chan²,

Lam³

et al. 1997

Br J Cancer

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Summary Incidence data of childhood leukaemia (CL) in Hong Kong (1 984-90) have been analysed for evidence of variation between small areas. All cases (n=261) were classified by morphological cell type, with the majority (n=205) being acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), and haematological review has permitted immunophenotypic classification for 73% of these. The data have been examined for evidence of spatial clustering within small census areas (TPUs) and for association with population mixing, with attention focused on those subgroups (especially the childhood peak of ALL -taken here to be diagnoses in children from 24 months up to the seventh birthday -and common ALL) which, it has been hypothesized, may be caused by unusual patterns of exposure and response to common infections. For the whole of Hong Kong, there was evidence of spatial clustering of ALL at ages 0-4 years (P = 0.09) and in the childhood peak (P<0.05). When these analyses were restricted to TPUs where extreme population mixing may have occurred, overall incidence was elevated and significant evidence of clustering was found for ALL (P<0.007) at these ages and for the common ALL in the childhood peak (P= 0.032). Replication of the analyses for subsets of leukaemia that were not dominated by the childhood peak of ALL found no evidence of clustering. This is the first investigation of an association between population mixing and childhood leukaemia in Asia and the first to include clustering and to consider particular subsets. The results are supportive of the 'infectious' aetiology hypothesis for subsets of childhood leukaemia, specifically common ALL in the childhood peak.

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Testing for homogeneity: I. The binomial and multinomial distributions

Cited by 103 publications

References 25 publications

The Prevalence of Endometriosis in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain

The Prevalence of Endometriosis in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain

Spatial clustering and space–time clusters of leukemia among children in Germany, 1987–2007

Clustering of childhood leukaemia in Hong Kong: association with the childhood peak and common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and with population mixing

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