Testing for Gums, Starches, and Mucilages in Artifacts with O-toluidine

Bisulca, Christina; Odegaard, Nancy; Zimmt, Werner

doi:10.1080/01971360.2016.1239492

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Plant-derived polysaccharides, such as pectin, cellulose, gums, mucilages and starch, have been investigated for their application in multiple industries (Amiri et al 2021, Choudhary & Pawar 2014. Specifically, gums and mucilage are composed of heteropolysaccharides (Bisulca et al 2016), which have a variety of usages in the pharmaceutical and food industry as binding agents, thickeners, emulsifiers, and stabilizers (Amiri et al 2021, Saha et al 2017). The preference to use gums and mucilage, compared to synthetic polysaccharides for industrial use, lies in the fact that they are non-toxic, biocompatible, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly (Jani et al 2009, Prajapati et al 2013.…”

Section: Mucilages and Gumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mucilages are usually extracted from the outer layer of the seeds, leaves, and roots of certain plant families (Wadhwa et al 2013). Gums can be collected directly from the site they were produced, whereas to obtain mucilage the plant material is first collected and then it must go through different artisanal or industrial processes to obtain it (Bisulca et al 2016).…”

Section: Mucilages and Gumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review on traditional uses and applications of Cordia spp. (Boraginaceae) as a natural polymer in the development of food and pharmaceutical products

Constantine

Viteri

Vizuemte

et al. 2023

Ethnobot. Res. App.

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Background: The growing demand for natural polymers useful for food and drug production has prompted the search for new plant sources to replace synthetic polymers. Unlike synthetic polymers, natural ones have advantages such as low toxicity, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity to the environment. Among the plant sources investigated as biopolymers, we find gums and mucilage, which have achieved a remarkable position in the additive market due to their applications in the paper, cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries, to name a few. The genus Cordia L. is traditionally known for its medicinal use, however, in recent years the fruit mucilage has been studied as a biopolymer. This review aims to compile and analyze the research conducted with species of the genus Cordia L., especially the ones that studied the mucilage of its fruits, including the methods applied to obtain, identify, and characterize it. Besides, talking about its application in new groundbreaking fields. Methods: Relevant information was selected from articles, books, theses, and patents published in databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Google Patents, Patentscope, Patent Inspiration, and Espacenet.Results: The research data showed that the biopolymer obtained from fruit mucilage of the genus has attractive physical and chemical properties, and may be suitable for the design of drugs, nanoparticles, coatings, and food products. In addition, specific studies revealed the presence of some flavonoids and terpenes as active ingredients of the genus Cordia L., which are associated with their ancestral medicinal use. Conclusion:The possible use of mucilage of the genus Cordia L. is evidenced by its addition, substitution, or combination with other biopolymers to improve and design new products. Likewise, study alternatives are presented for countries where species of this genus are found and have not yet been considered for experimentation.

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Section: Mucilages and Gumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mucilages and Gumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on traditional uses and applications of Cordia spp. (Boraginaceae) as a natural polymer in the development of food and pharmaceutical products

Constantine

Viteri

Vizuemte

et al. 2023

Ethnobot. Res. App.

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“…A positive reaction can be marked by a color change or enzymatic activity. Examples are o-toluidine reagent testing, where the polysaccharides from starch-and mucilage-based adhesives can be distinguished from other sugars (Bisulca, Odegaard, and Zimmt 2016;Fullagar et al 2015), and picro-sirius red for collagen detection (Stephenson 2015). Amylase is used to identify starch (Hardy 2009) and there are a range of immunological antibody tests for proteins from different sources (Gernaey et al 2001).…”

Section: Reagent Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbohydrate polymer adhesives can be identified through their specific polysaccharides (Colombini and Modugno 2009). Reagent testing (Bisulca, Odegaard, and Zimmt 2016;Fullagar et al 2015) and GC-MS (Bonaduce et al 2007;Guasch-Ferré et al 2020;Monnier, Ladwig, and Porter 2012) are most often used for characterization. Other methods like Raman and micro-FTIR are less specific but will allow the distinction from other adhesive groups like proteins and resins (Brambilla et al 2011).…”

Section: Carbohydrate Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Archaeology has shown us how these materials have been altered and exploited in all forms throughout human history. For example, resin was used to waterproof and reinforce baskets (Bisulca, Odegaard, and Zimmt 2016), it was mixed with ochre and possibly fat for hafting stone tools (Helwig et al 2014), and it could be distilled to make incense for trade and ceremony (Stacey, Cartwright, and McEwan 2006). Few materials are as uniquely versatile in the archaeological record or the present day.…”

Section: Conclusion: An Archaeology Of Adhesivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Archaeological Adhesives

Langejans¹,

Aleo²,

Fajardo³

et al. 2022

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology

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An adhesive is any substance that bonds different materials together. This broad definition includes materials used in everything from hafted stone tools to monumental architecture. In addition, the combination of bonding, plasticity, and insolubility meant that some adhesives were exploited for waterproofing and sealing of materials, as self-adhering inlays and putties, and as paints, varnishes, and inks. Adhesives have a history of at least 200,000 years. Throughout (pre)history and around the world, people used materials, including bitumen/asphalt, carbohydrate polymers such as starches and gums, natural rubbers, mortars, proteins (from casein, soy, blood, and animal connective tissue), insect and plant resins, and tars made from various barks and woods. Adhesives thus are very diverse and have widely varying properties: they can be tacky, pliable, elastic, brittle, water-resistant, fluid, viscous, clear, dark, and much more. They are a plastic avant la lettre. These properties can and were tweaked by mixing ingredients or by further processing. In the study of archaeological adhesives, their characterization is essential and this is best done with chemical and spectroscopic methods. When larger coherent samples as opposed to single finds are analyzed, adhesive studies can provide data on past technologies, socioeconomic organizations, and environments and raw material availability. Through sourcing and mapping of ingredients and adhesive end products, travel and transfer of materials and knowledge can be illuminated. Additionally, experimental reproductions provide data on technological aspects that otherwise are lost in the archaeological record. An archaeology of adhesives can reveal the transport networks, subsistence, mobility strategies, division of labor, and technological know-how that held societies together.

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Analysis of gums and mucilages

Singh

Barreca

2020

Recent Advances in Natural Products Analysis

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Testing for Gums, Starches, and Mucilages in Artifacts with O-toluidine

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

A review on traditional uses and applications of Cordia spp. (Boraginaceae) as a natural polymer in the development of food and pharmaceutical products

A review on traditional uses and applications of Cordia spp. (Boraginaceae) as a natural polymer in the development of food and pharmaceutical products

Archaeological Adhesives

Analysis of gums and mucilages

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