Testing for drugs of abuse in saliva and sweat

Kidwell, David A.; Holland, Janel C.; Athanaselis, Sotiris

doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00572-0

Cited by 251 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…When a drug enters the body it is transported via the circulation to the liver, where it is metabolised, transported to the kidneys and then excreted in the urine. During this process, drugs and drug metabolites can be secreted onto the skin surface from the circulation through the action of sweating [33].…”

Section: Application Of the Ceia For The Analysis Of Latent Fingermarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

A competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative detection of cocaine from banknotes and latent fingermarks

Heide

Calavia

Hardwick

et al. 2015

Forensic Science International

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A sensitive and versatile competitive enzyme immunoassay (cEIA) has been developed for the quantitative detection of cocaine in complex forensic samples. Polyclonal anti-cocaine antibody was purified from serum and deposited onto microtiter plates. The concentration of the cocaine antibody adsorbed onto the plates, and the dilution of the cocaine-HRP hapten were both studied to achieve an optimised immunoassay. The method was successfully used to quantify cocaine in extracts taken from both paper currency and latent fingermarks. presents a simple and cost-effective alternative to the current mass spectrometry based techniques for the quantitation of cocaine at forensically significant concentrations.

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Section: Application Of the Ceia For The Analysis Of Latent Fingermarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

A competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative detection of cocaine from banknotes and latent fingermarks

Heide

Calavia

Hardwick

et al. 2015

Forensic Science International

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“…In recent years, interest in other biological matrices as alternative drug-testing tools has grown, with oral fluid as one of the most promising new matrices (Choo and Huestis, 2004;Kidwell et al, 1998;Rivier, 2000;Schramm et al, 1992). This colorless, highly aqueous liquid is a natural ultrafiltrate of plasma (Haeckel and Hanecke, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral fluid as an alternative matrix to monitor opiate and cocaine use in substance-abuse treatment patients

Dams

Choo

Lambert

et al. 2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Interest in oral fluid as an alternative matrix for monitoring drug use is due to its ease-of-collection and non-invasiveness; however, limited data are available on the disposition of drugs into oral fluid. The objective of this research was to provide data on the presence and concentrations of heroin, cocaine and multiple metabolites in oral fluid after illicit opioid and cocaine use. Thrice weekly oral fluid specimens (N=403) from 16 pregnant opiate-dependent women were obtained with the Salivette ® oral fluid collection device. Evidence of heroin (N=62) and cocaine (N=130) use was detected in oral fluid by LC-APCI-MS/MS. 6-Acetylmorphine (6-AM), heroin and morphine were the major opiates detected, with median concentrations of 5.2, 2.3, and 7.5 μg/L, respectively. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine (BE) had median concentrations of 6.4 and 3.4 μg/L. Application of the Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) recommended cutoffs for morphine and codeine (40 μg/L), 6-AM (4 μg/L) and cocaine and BE (8 μg/L), yielded 28 opiateand 50 cocaine-positive specimens. Oral fluid is a promising alternative matrix to monitor opiate and cocaine use in drug testing programs. These data guide interpretation of oral fluid test results and evaluate currently proposed SAMHSA oral fluid testing cutoffs.

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“…Sweat pads or wipes are simple adsorptive pads that are moistened with ethanol or isopropanol and used to wipe over the forehead or any other skin to collect moisture and sebum from the skin (89). Sweat patches, similar to small bandages, consist of an adhesive layer on a thin transparent film of surgical dressing to which an adsorbent cotton or cellulose pad is attached (90). The patch is worn on the chest, back or biceps for a period and then removed and analysed.…”

Section: Other Biological Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse

Gjerde

Øiestad²,

Christophersen³

2011

Nor J Epidemiol

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Blood, oral fluid (saliva), urine and hair are the most commonly used biological matrices for drug testing in epidemiological drug research. Other biological matrices may also be used for selected purposes. Blood reflects recent drug intake and may be used to assess impairment. Oral fluid reflects drug presence in blood and thereby also recent intake, but drug concentrations in this matrix cannot be used to accurately estimate concentrations in blood. Urine reflects drug use during the last few days and in some cases for a longer period, but does not indicate the dose size or frequency of use. Hair reflects drug use during several months, but is a poor matrix for detecting use of cannabis. If using a single drug dose, this can be detected in blood and urine if the sample is taken within the detection timeframes, in most cases also in oral fluid. Single drug use is most often insufficient for producing a positive test result in a sample of hair. For cocaine and amphetamine, weekly use may be needed, while for cannabis a positive result is not guaranteed even after daily use. Refusal rates are lowest for oral fluid and highest for blood and hair samples. The analytical costs are lowest for urine and highest for hair. Combined use of questionnaires/interviews and drug testing detects more drug use than when using only one of those methods and is therefore expected to give more accurate data.

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Testing for drugs of abuse in saliva and sweat

Cited by 251 publications

References 147 publications

A competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative detection of cocaine from banknotes and latent fingermarks

A competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative detection of cocaine from banknotes and latent fingermarks

Oral fluid as an alternative matrix to monitor opiate and cocaine use in substance-abuse treatment patients

Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse

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