“…Here are some examples of studies in the first group with their published years, methodologies, and test results of the J‑curve: Rose and Yellen ( 1989 , the ordinary least squares (OLS) model, no evidence for the J‑curve hypothesis), Marwah and Klein ( 1996 , the OLS model, evidence supporting the J‑curve), Shirvani and Wilbratte ( 1997 , the Johansen and Jusilius cointegration technique, no evidence), Ongan et al. ( 2018 , the linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models, no evidence), Hsing and Sergi ( 2010 , the vector error correction model, no evidence), Bahmani-Oskooee and Fariditavana ( 2016 , the linear and nonlinear ARDL models, evidence), Kallianiotis ( 2022 , the vector autoregressive (VAR) model, evidence). The second group of empirical studies on the J‑curve used disaggregated trade volumes.…”