“…Massage has been linked to improved physical and clinical outcomes, relief of pain symptoms through physical and mental relaxation, and increased pain thresholds through the release of endorphins (21). Massage can improve the blood circulation and metabolism of the affected area, thus promoting the elimination of local pain mediators (43,44). The theories of massage analgesia effects mainly include gating theory, serotonin hypothesis, and restorative sleep hypothesis (45).…”