Testicular Volume Measurement: Comparison of Prader′s Orchidometry, Ultrasonography, and Actual Volume by Water Displacement

Bhat, Suresh; Sathyanarayanaprasad, Manjunath; Giridhar, Ashwin; Srinivasa, Yateesh; Paul, Fredrick

doi:10.4103/2394-2916.187793

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Testicular volume (TV) estimation is central to the assessment of male pubertal status. Methods vary from scrotal ultrasound and callipers, to approximations using different ellipsoid calculations derived from measurements of the three dimensions of the testicle . The most commonly used method in the paediatric outpatient setting is the Prader orchidometer, which utilizes comparison of the patient's testicle to ellipsoid beads of increasing size (usually 1‐25 mL), although larger sizes may be used in andrology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A simulation study assessing the accuracy and reliability of orchidometer estimation of testicular volume

Elder

Langley

Stanton

et al. 2019

Clinical Endocrinology

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Context: Measuring testicular volume (TV) by orchidometer is the standard method of male pubertal staging. A paucity of evidence exists as to its inter-and intra-observer reliability and the impact of clinicians' gender, training and experience on accuracy.Objective: Prosthetic testicular models were engineered to investigate accuracy and reliability of TV estimation. Design: Simulation study.Setting: Conducted over three-day 2015 British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (BSPED) meeting.Participants: Two hundred fifteen meeting delegates (161F, 54M): 50% consultants, 30% trainees, 9% clinical nurse specialists, 11% other professionals.Intervention: Three child-sized mannequins displayed latex scrotum containing prosthetic testicles of 3, 4, 5, 10 and 20 mL. Demographic data, paediatric endocrinology experience, TV examination training, examination technique and TV estimations were collected. Delegates were asked to repeat their measurements later during the meeting. Scrotum order was changed daily.Main outcome measures: Accuracy by variance from the simulated TV. Inter-and intra-observer variability.Results: One thousand two hundred eighty four individual estimations were obtained.Eighty-five participants repeated measurements. Delegates measured TV accurately on 33.4% (±2.6) of occasions: overestimations 37% (±2.3), underestimations 28% (±1.8) (Fleiss' Kappa score 0.04). The accuracy of assessing a 4 mL testis was 36%-39%.Observers underestimated the volume when paired with a 3 mL testis and overestimated when paired with a 5 mL testis demonstrating a tendency impose biological symmetry. Intra-observer reliability was lacking; individuals giving different estimations for the same size testicle on 61% (±4.2) of occasions, 20% (±3.5) of estimations were more than 1 size outside the previous measurement. On only 39% (±4.2) of occasions did individuals agree with their previous estimation (irrespective of whether or not it was initially accurate). Training did not impact on results but experience did improve accuracy. Conclusions:Overall TV estimation accuracy was poor. Considerable variation exists between and within subjects. Seniority slightly improved measurement estimation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies have shown good intra‐observer reliability, but neither controlled for recall bias, both using examination of patients on two consecutive days . Accuracy has been evaluated either by ultrasound, with its own incumbent variability, or displacement measurements (following bilateral orchidectomy for advanced prostatic cancer) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simulation study assessing the accuracy and reliability of orchidometer estimation of testicular volume

Elder

Langley

Stanton

et al. 2019

Clinical Endocrinology

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“…The testis is then immersed in a beaker of water, and the volume of water displaced is recorded as the testicular volume. [17] The requirement of an orchidectomy specimen for this technique makes it unavailable for everyday use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testicular volume in a cohort of prepubertal Indian children

Srinivas

Thomas

Sebastian

et al. 2019

J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg

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Context: There are orchidometer-based testicular volume nomograms for Indian children; however, accurate and reliable values measured by ultrasound are lacking. Aims: The aim of this study was to (1) measure the testicular volumes of boys from birth to 8 years and generate reference values and (2) to identify factors if any that may influence variation in testicular volumes. Settings and Design: This was a prospective observational study conducted on 320 children in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. Subjects and Methods: A total of 320 boys without any genital abnormalities were studied. The testes were scanned using a linear transducer, and the length, width, and depth of each testis were recorded. Testicular volume was calculated using Lambert's equation – length × width × depth × 0.71. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean testicular volumes and standard deviation for every year of age were calculated. The centile values for testicular volume were computed using R software. Results: Age-specific nomogram of each testis was created separately. Interobserver variability of the measurement was shown to be up to 0.3 ml. No difference was demonstrated in the testicular volumes between the right and left testis. No correlation was found between body weight and body mass index with testicular volume. From the data on differences in size between the two sides, a volume differential index of 27% corresponds to the 95 th centile. Conclusions: Reference values have been created for testicular volumes in prepubertal Indian children that could be used to assess the effects of disease and surgical interventions in this age group.

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“…However, the ultrasound measurement of testicular volume is more reliable that orchidometry for patients [5,10]. Th e most rigorous method for measuring of the volume of testis is the Archimedes principle of water displacement [1,7,9]. However, this method can be used only for dead patients or aft er orchiectomy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological peculiarities of the testes in 41–50-years-old men

Lasienë

Gasiliūnas²,

Juodžiukynienė

et al. 2017

PoA

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The morphological parameters such as the length, width, height and weight of 20 pairs of testes were measured in this study. The volume of the testis was calculated using the formula: Volume = length (L) × width (W) × height (H) × 0.71. These morphological parameters of the right and left testes were compared.The total length, width and height of both testes of 41-50-years-old men were 4.53±0.46 cm, 3.05±0.31 cm and 2.58±0.36 cm respectively. The total volume and weight were 25.53±6.06 cm 3 and 20.93±4.75 g respectively. The length, height, volume and weight of the right testis were significantly larger than of the left testes in 41-50-years-old men. Only the width of the right and the left testes differed statistically non-significantly.

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Testicular Volume Measurement: Comparison of Prader′s Orchidometry, Ultrasonography, and Actual Volume by Water Displacement

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

A simulation study assessing the accuracy and reliability of orchidometer estimation of testicular volume

A simulation study assessing the accuracy and reliability of orchidometer estimation of testicular volume

Testicular volume in a cohort of prepubertal Indian children

Morphological peculiarities of the testes in 41–50-years-old men

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