Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) outcomes in the context of malignant disease: a systematic review

Abstract

Advances in the oncology field have led to improved survival rates. Consequently, quality of life after remission is anticipated, which includes the possibility to conceive children. Since cancer treatments are potentially gonadotoxic, fertility preservation must be proposed. Male fertility preservation is mainly based on ejaculated sperm cryopreservation. When this is not possible, testicular sperm extraction (TESE) may be planned. To identify situations in which TESE has been beneficial, a systematic review was conducted. The search was carried out on the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and CISMeF databases from 1 January 2000 to 19 March 2020. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations were followed in selecting items of interest. Thirty-four articles were included in the systematic review, including 15 articles on oncological testicular sperm extraction (oncoTESE), 18 articles on postgonadotoxic treatment TESE and 1 article on both oncoTESE and postgonadotoxic treatment TESE. Testicular sperm freezing was possible for 42.9% to 57.7% of patients before gonadotoxic treatment and for 32.4% to 75.5% of patients after gonadotoxic treatment, depending on the type of malignant disease. Although no formal conclusion could be drawn about the chances to obtain sperm in specific situations, our results suggest that TESE can be proposed before and after gonadotoxic treatment. Before treatment, TESE is more often proposed for men with testicular cancer presenting with azoospermia since TESE can be performed simultaneously with tumor removal or orchiectomy. After chemotherapy, TESE may be planned if the patient presents with persistent azoospermia.

The increasing burden of testicular seminomas and non-seminomas in adolescents and young adults (AYAs): incidence, treatment, disease-specific survival and mortality trends in the Netherlands between 1989 and 2019

“… 74 , 75 Fertility-related concerns due to temporary or permanent reduction or loss of fertility are important long-term issues in cancer survivorship that require fertility-related counselling starting at the time of diagnosis. 73 , 76 Altogether, these findings emphasize the need for evidence-based management strategies that optimize the follow-up care for testicular cancer survivors. 70 , 77 …”

Case report: remedial microdissection testicular sperm extraction after onco-microdissection testicular sperm extraction failure

“…[20] Sperm can be retrieved by TESE or mTESE, even in the presence of azoospermia. [21] However, for TC patients with azoospermia, the situation was not as optimistic. Even with the implementation of onco-mTESE, Medicine more than 1/3 of the patients were still unable to extract sperm.…”

Clinical management of nonobstructive azoospermia: An update

“…Generally, the SRR varies from 20% to 70% 14 ; however, it varies depending on the underlying disease and experience of the surgeon. The SRR tended to be as high as 30%–70% in Klinefelter syndrome, 50%–60% in AZFc microdeletion, 15 32%–76% in NOA after anticancer drug treatment, 16 and as low as 30% in idiopathic NOA 17 . The rate was reported to increase depending on the surgeon's experience with 100–500 cases 18 .…”