Test–retest reliability of eye tracking during the visual probe task in cocaine-using adults

Marks, Katherine R.; Pike, Erika; Stoops, William W.; Rush, Craig R.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.784

Cited by 32 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Two different 60-hertz eye tracker models were utilized due to upgrades to technology over time, but eye-tracker model does not significantly influence fixation-time data (Marks et al, 2014a). Attentional bias was measured using a modified visual probe procedure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attentional bias is defined as the allocation of a disproportionate amount of time attending to substance-related stimuli relative to neutral stimuli. Cocaine cue attentional bias can be directly and reliably measured using eye tracking during the visual probe task (Marks, Pike, Stoops, & Rush, 2014a; Marks, Roberts, Stoops, Pike, & Rush, 2014b). Eye-tracking technology directly measures visual attention by recording how participants direct their gaze (Godijn & Theeuwes, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The magnitude of drug attentional bias is specific to substance use disorder.

Marks¹,

Pike²,

Stoops³

et al. 2015

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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The visual probe task with eye tracking is a sensitive measure of cocaine and alcohol cue attentional bias. Despite the high comorbidity between cocaine and alcohol dependence, attentional bias studies have examined the influence of cocaine and alcohol-related cues separately. The aim of this experiment was to directly compare the magnitude of cocaine and alcohol cue attentional bias in individuals dependent on cocaine or cocaine and alcohol. Individuals who met criteria for cocaine dependence (n=20) or both cocaine and alcohol dependence (n=20) completed a visual probe task with eye tracking. Cocaine-dependent participants displayed an attentional bias towards cocaine, but not alcohol. In contrast, cocaine-alcohol dependent participants displayed an attentional bias to both cocaine and alcohol, and the magnitude of these biases did not differ. The magnitude of cocaine cue attentional bias, however, was significantly smaller in the cocaine-alcohol dependent group compared to the cocaine-dependent group. These results suggest that fixation time during the visual probe task is sensitive to clinically relevant differences in substance use disorders. The incentive value of cocaine-related cues, however, may differ for individuals who are also dependent on alcohol.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The magnitude of drug attentional bias is specific to substance use disorder.

Marks¹,

Pike²,

Stoops³

et al. 2015

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Bias scores greater than 50% indicate a bias towards the cigarette or cocaine images. Fixation time (ms) was calculated by summing the total fixation time for each image type (cigarette, neutral-cigarette, cocaine, neutral-cocaine) and then dividing by the total number of trials (20). AB (orienting bias, fixation time, and response time) was assessed using a mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA; SPSS, IBM, Chicago, IL) with substance (cigarette and cocaine) and cue type (substance and neutral) as the within-groups factors and group (cocaine-using and non-cocaine-using) as the between-groups factor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16,17 Cigarette and cocaine AB have been demonstrated using eye-tracking technology during the visual probe task. [18][19][20] Despite a well-documented relationship between cigarette smoking and cocaine use, the salience of cigarette cues has not been assessed in cigarette-smokers who also smoke cocaine. To this end, the magnitude of cigarette and cocaine AB were compared using the visual probe task with eye-tracking technology in two groups: (1) cocaine-smoking cigarette smokers (2) non-cocaine-using cigarette smokers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Cue Attentional Bias in Cocaine-Smoking and Non-Cocaine-Using Cigarette Smokers

Marks

Alcorn

Stoops

et al. 2016

NICTOB

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Introduction: Cigarette smoking in cocaine users is nearly four times higher than the national prevalence and cocaine use increases cigarette smoking. The mechanisms underlying cigarette smoking in cocaine-using individuals need to be identified to promote cigarette and cocaine abstinence. Previous studies have examined the salience of cigarette and cocaine cues separately. The present aim was to determine whether cigarette attentional bias (AB) is higher in cigarettes smokers who smoke cocaine relative to individuals who only smoke cigarettes. Methods: Twenty cigarette smokers who smoke cocaine and 20 non-cocaine-using cigarette smokers completed a visual probe task with eye-tracking technology. During this task, the magnitude of cigarette and cocaine AB was assessed through orienting bias, fixation time, and response time. Results: Cocaine users displayed an orienting bias towards cigarette cues. Cocaine users also endorsed a more urgent desire to smoke to relieve negative affect associated with cigarette craving than non-cocaine users (g = 0.6). Neither group displayed a cigarette AB, as measured by fixation time. Cocaine users, but not non-cocaine users, displayed a cocaine AB as measured by orienting bias (g = 2.0) and fixation time (g = 1.2). There were no significant effects for response time data. Conclusions: Cocaine-smoking cigarettes smokers display an initial orienting bias toward cigarette cues, but not sustained cigarette AB. The incentive motivation underlying cigarette smoking also differs. Cocaine smokers report more urgent desire to smoke to relieve negative affect. Identifying differences in motivation to smoke cigarettes may provide new treatment targets for cigarette and cocaine use disorders. Implications: These results suggest that cocaine-smoking cigarette smokers display an initial orienting bias towards cigarette cues, but not sustained attention towards cigarette cues, relative to non-cocaine-using smokers. Smoked cocaine users also report a more urgent desire to smoke to relieve negative affect than non-cocaine users. Identifying differences in motivation to smoke cigarettes may provide new treatment targets for both cigarette and cocaine use disorders.

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“…There has been recent interest in developing interventions that improve inhibitory control in individuals with substance use disorder (Sofuoglu et al, 2013). Cocaine-using individuals display disrupted response inhibition (Fillmore and Rush, 2002; Lane et al, 2007; Verdejo-García et al, 2007; Verdejo-García and Pérez-García, 2007) and cocaine-cue attentional bias (Hester et al, 2006; Lui et al, 2011; Marks et al, 2014a; 2014b; Vadhan et al, 2007). These deficits have been associated with poor treatment retention (Carpenter et al, 2006; Marhe et al, 2013; Streeter et al, 2008; Verdejo-García et al, 2012; Waters et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot investigation of acute inhibitory control training in cocaine users

Alcorn

Pike

Stoops

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Disrupted response inhibition and presence of drug-cue attentional bias in cocaine-using individuals have predicted poor treatment outcomes. Inhibitory control training could help improve treatment outcomes by strengthening cognitive control. This pilot study assessed the effects of acute inhibitory control training to drug- and non-drug-related cues on response inhibition performance and cocaine-cue attentional bias in cocaine-using individuals. Methods Participants who met criteria for a cocaine-use disorder underwent five sessions of inhibitory control training to either non-drug-related cues (i.e., rectangles) or cocaine cues (n=10/condition) in a single day. Response inhibition and attentional bias were assessed prior to and following training using the stop-signal task and visual-probe task with eye tracking, respectively. Results Training condition groups did not differ on demographics, inhibitory control training performance, response inhibition, or cocaine-cue attentional bias. Response inhibition performance improved as a function of inhibitory control training in both conditions. Cocaine-cue attentional bias was observed, but did not change as a function of inhibitory control training in either condition. Conclusions Response inhibition in cocaine-using individuals was augmented by acute inhibitory control training, which may improve treatment outcomes through better behavioral inhibition. Future studies should investigate longer-term implementation of inhibitory control training, as well as combining inhibitory control training with other treatment modalities.

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Test–retest reliability of eye tracking during the visual probe task in cocaine-using adults

Cited by 32 publications

References 8 publications

The magnitude of drug attentional bias is specific to substance use disorder.

The magnitude of drug attentional bias is specific to substance use disorder.

Cigarette Cue Attentional Bias in Cocaine-Smoking and Non-Cocaine-Using Cigarette Smokers

A pilot investigation of acute inhibitory control training in cocaine users

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