Terrorism and tourism in the Caribbean: a regional analysis

The influence of terrorism in tourism arrivals: A longitudinal approach in a Mediterranean country

“…Past attacks directly influence tourist arrivals in the affected countries due to those negative memories. Consequently, tourists will replace their usual leisure destinations with other places they consider safer (Lutz & Lutz, 2018). Eventually they will return to their favorite destinations and this is the reason why this memory effect is not permanent, although its effects may last for quite a long time as stated in previous research (Baggio & Sainaghi, 2011).…”

“…The definition of terrorism is troublesome. According to previous research (Lutz & Lutz, 2018) terrorism is conceptualized, in the Global Terrorism Database, as "the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation" (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, 2019). Terrorism attacks generally "appear to be random and dispersed in order to create tension in the widest possible audience" (Öcal & Yildirim, 2010, p. 481).…”

“…The world has become interdependent and tourism crises in one part of the world can have strong repercussions on other locations (Lanouar & Goaied, 2019;Ritchie, 2004). When tourists realize that a destination is unsafe, they replace it with others they consider safer and, in doing so, may damage entire regions that are affected by violence or that tourists consider threatened by terrorism (Beirman, 2003;Gu & Martin, 1992;Lutz & Lutz, 2018;Mansfeld, 1996;Sönmez, 1998). This fact draws attention to the spatial patterns of terrorism impacts caused by spillover effect on destinations/regions (Öcal & Yildirim, 2010).…”

“…The topic of terrorism spillover effects has produced a considerable amount of literature (Veréb, Nobre, & Farhangmehr, 2018). The decline in tourists' arrivals and receipts caused by terrorism is well documented in several countries and regions since the 90s and has affected countries like Spain (Enders & Sandler, 1991), European countries ( (Enders, Sandler, & Parise, 1992;Radić, Dragičević, & Sotošek, 2018), the Mediterranean region (Drakos & Kutan, 2003), non-democratic countries and Africa (Blomberg, Hess, & Orphanides, 2004), the USA (Bonham, Edmonds, & Mak, 2006;Goodrich, 2002), Israel (Eckstein & Tsiddon, 2004;Fleisher & Buccola, 2002;Morag, 2006;Pizam & Fleischer, 2002), Italy (Greenbaum & Hultquist, 2006), Nepal (Baral, Baral, & Nigel, 2004), Ireland (O'Connor, Stafford, & Gallagher, 2008), Fiji and Kenya (Fletcher & Morakabati, 2008), Nigeria (Adora, 2010); Turkey (Feridun, 2011;Ozsoy & Sahin, 2006), Pakistan (Raza & Jawaid, 2013), the Middle East (Bassil, 2014), the Caribbean (Lutz & Lutz, 2018), Tunisia (Lanouar & Goaied, 2019), and worlwide (Liu & Pratt, 2017;Llorca-Vivero, 2008;Neumayer & Plümper, 2016).…”

Memory and forgetfulness in tourism crisis research

“… Chew & Jahari, 2014 ; Cró & Martins, 2017 ; Rittichainuwat & Chakraborty, 2009 ; Rossello et al, 2020 ), highlighting the importance of resilience-based crisis management strategies ( Paraskevas & Quek, 2019 ). Specifically, extant literature acknowledges that tourists’ risk perceptions and attitudes towards destinations are greatly impacted by a crisis, leading to a change of travel plans by avoiding visitation to a particular destination or travelling altogether ( Lutz & Lutz, 2020 ). In this context, some tourist segments have been recognised as exhibiting less sensitivity to external risks or even resistance to crises ( Hajibaba et al, 2015 ).…”