Territorialidades en conflicto en torno a un parque eólico en Argentina

Abstract

Este artículo analiza las tensiones en torno a la dimensión territorial de la implementación de un emprendimiento de energía eólica en un paraje rural de la provincia de Río Negro (Argentina). El proyecto, impulsado por una empresa de capitales chinos, logró su aprobación a partir de un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental que omitió mencionar que había una comunidad mapuche donde se planificaba ubicar el parque eólico. Durante el proceso de consulta desarrollado por solicitud de la comunidad, se pusieron en evidencia lógicas territoriales diferentes que se encuentran en relación asimétrica. El artículo da cuenta de ellas a partir de datos producidos en una investigación basada en el trabajo de campo etnográfico y en archivos. El foco está puesto en el análisis de la territorialidad expresada en el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental en contraste con la que propone la comunidad con énfasis en la dimensión ontológica del problema de la tierra.
 energías renovables – derechos indígenas – mapuche – Patagonia – territorialidad

Rise from the ashes! Resilience patterns in Patagonia pastoralist communities

“…For example, the ‘29 crisis took place immediately after a volcanic ashfall and a drought (Figure 3). At that moment, discrimination towards both indigenous people and immigrant settlers from Chile aggravated – enhancing their vulnerability‐ resulting in land dispossession, migration and greater land concentration by large scale ranchers (Collini et al, 2013; Kropff et al, 2019). Another moment of socioeconomic and natural hazard overlapping was after the 2001 Argentinian socioeconomic crisis, when a volcanic ash erupted in 2011 in the midst of 7 years of drought (Figure 3).…”

“…Regarding economic changes, the World War I increased the international price of meat and wool increasing sheep numbers in Patagonia (including Río Negro province). In contrast, the consequences of the Wall Street Crash in 1929 and of the Argentina's textile crisis in the ‘1990s led to declines in wool prices and sales, reducing the number of sheep in the field (Kropff et al, 2019; Ressel & Silva, 2007). Massive snowfalls (1911, 1944/45, 1960, 1984, 2016/17), droughts (1914, 1920s, 1960s, 2004–2005 and 2007–2014) and ashfalls (1921/22, 1960, 2011 and 2015) added to the grassland degradation process since 1920s (Easdale et al, 2014; Higuera, 2016; Figure 3).…”

“…Relations between neighbors can reinforce differences in class, ethnicity, or gender, increasing the vulnerability of some and empowering others, which may be cemented by ethnic hostility, patronage networks, or society's conservatism (MacGillivray, 2018). This affects the resilience of pastoral systems, as it happened in Patagonia during the Great Depression of 1929 (Figure 3), resulting in debts, land dispossession, migration, and land concentration against indigenous people (Kropff et al, 2019). On the contrary, the historical context may favor resilience through new alliances and cooperative work, as occurred after the 2001 and 2011 crises (section 4.1).…”

“…Most of the family farms lack title deeds for their land, which they usually acquire through direct inheritance (Kropff et al, 2019). Their livestock activities, mainly wool for the export market, are done through traditional uses and customs linked to social ties and complemented with the adoption of new technologies (Hara et al, 2022).…”