Terrestrial-style slow-moving earthflow kinematics in a submarine landslide complex

Mountjoy, Joshu; McKean, J. A.; Barnes, Philip M.; Pettinga, Jarg R.

doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2009.09.007

Cited by 65 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, the slide mass is flanked by elongated strike-slip faults. These observations point toward a conveyor-belt model for slow deformation sediment movement through the slides, where sediments are being supplied into the upper slide mass, leading to compression, and are being removed at the toe of the TLC, similar to mudslides and rock glaciers on land (Mountjoy et al, 2009).…”

Section: Scientific Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The submarine Tuaheni Landslide Complex (TLC) east of New Zealand's North Island, however, exhibits features typical of active, slow-moving terrestrial earthflows that appear to be creeping rather than failing in single events (Mountjoy et al, 2009). Such creeping behavior is observed onshore in mudslides (or earthflows) in weak clay-bearing rock (Baum et al, 2003) and rock glaciers in ice-bounded sediments (Martin and Whalley, 1987).…”

Section: Submarine Landslidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was originally suggested that slow deformation in the TLC reflects repeated small-scale seafloor failure associated with localized charging and discharging of pore pressure (Mountjoy et al, 2009) without involvement of gas hydrates. This process would lead to successions of small-scale compressional and extensional features.…”

Section: Scientific Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Barnes¹,

Pecher²,

LeVay³

2017

International Ocean Discovery Program Scientific Prospectus

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International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 372 combines two research topics, slow slip events (SSEs) on subduction faults and actively deforming gas hydrate-bearing landslides (Proposal 841-APL). Our study area on the Hikurangi margin east of New Zealand provides unique locations for addressing both research topics.Gas hydrates have long been suspected of being involved in seafloor failure; not much evidence, however, has been found to date for gas hydrate-related submarine landslides. Solid, icelike gas hydrate in sediment pores is generally thought to increase seafloor strength, as confirmed by a number of laboratory measurements. Dissociation of gas hydrate to water and overpressured gas, on the other hand, may destabilize the seafloor, potentially causing submarine landslides.The Tuaheni Landslide Complex on the Hikurangi margin shows evidence for active, creeping deformation. Intriguingly, the landward edge of creeping coincides with the pinchout of the base of gas hydrate stability (BGHS) on the seafloor. We therefore hypothesize that gas hydrate may be linked to creeping by (1) repeated small-scale sliding at the BGHS, in a variation of the conventional model linking gas hydrates and seafloor failure; (2) overpressure at the BGHS due to a permeability reduction linked to gas hydrates, which may lead to hydrofracturing, weakening the seafloor and allowing transmission of pressure into the gas hydrate stability zone; or (3) icelike viscous deformation of gas hydrates in sediment pores, similar to onshore rock glaciers. The latter two processes imply that gas hydrate itself is involved in creeping, constituting a paradigm shift in relating gas hydrates to submarine slope failure. Alternatively, creeping may not be related to gas hydrates but instead be caused by repeated pressure pulses or linked to earthquake-related liquefaction. We have devised a coring and logging program to test our hypotheses.SSEs at subduction zones are an enigmatic form of creeping fault behavior. At the northern Hikurangi subduction margin (HSM), they are among the best-documented and shallowest on Earth. They recur about every 2 y and may extend close to the trench, where clastic and pelagic sediments about 1.0-1.5 km thick overlie the subducting, seamount-studded Hikurangi Plateau. The northern HSM thus provides an excellent setting to use IODP capabilities to discern the mechanisms behind slow slip fault behavior, as proposed in IODP Proposal 781A-Full.The objectives of Proposal 781A-Full will be implemented across two related IODP expeditions, 372 and 375. Expedition 372 will undertake logging while drilling (LWD) at three sites targeting the upper plate (midslope basin, proposed Site HSM-01A), the frontal thrust (proposed Site HSM-18A), and the subducting section in the trench (proposed Site HSM-05A). Expedition 375 will undertake coring at the same sites, as well as an additional seamount site on the subducting plate, and implement the borehole observatory objectives. The data from each expedition will be...

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Section: Scientific Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Submarine Landslidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Barnes¹,

Pecher²,

LeVay³

2017

International Ocean Discovery Program Scientific Prospectus

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“…Others have used general geomorphometric techniques to classify submarine landscapes (e.g. fjords (Moskalik et al, 2014a;Moskalik et al, 2014b), continental shelf and slope (Elvenes, 2013), and global (Harris et al, 2014); identify the various styles and scales of deformation across submarine landslides (Mountjoy et al, 2009); and infer the evolution of seamounts (Passaro et al, 2010), midocean ridge scarps (Mitchell et al, 2000), and faults in active continental margins (Kukowski et al, 2008). Figure 6.…”

Section: Marine Geomorphology Geophysics and Geohazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of marine geomorphometry, the quantitative study of the seafloor

Lecours

Dolan

Micallef

et al. 2016

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

178

120

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Abstract. Geomorphometry, the science of quantitative terrain characterization, has traditionally focused on the investigation of terrestrial landscapes. However, the dramatic increase in the availability of digital bathymetric data and the increasing ease by which geomorphometry can be investigated using geographic information systems (GISs) and spatial analysis software has prompted interest in employing geomorphometric techniques to investigate the marine environment. Over the last decade or so, a multitude of geomorphometric techniques (e.g. terrain attributes, feature extraction, automated classification) have been applied to characterize seabed terrain from the coastal zone to the deep sea. Geomorphometric techniques are, however, not as varied, nor as extensively applied, in marine as they are in terrestrial environments. This is at least partly due to difficulties associated with capturing, classifying, and validating terrain characteristics underwater. There is, nevertheless, much common ground between terrestrial and marine geomorphometry applications and it is important that, in developing marine geomorphometry, we learn from experiences in terrestrial studies. However, not all terrestrial solutions can be adopted by marine geomorphometric studies since the dynamic, fourdimensional (4-D) nature of the marine environment causes its own issues throughout the geomorphometry workflow. For instance, issues with underwater positioning, variations in sound velocity in the water column affecting acousticbased mapping, and our inability to directly observe and measure depth and morphological features on the seafloor are all issues specific to the application of geomorphometry in the marine environment. Such issues fuel the need for a dedicated scientific effort in marine geomorphometry.This review aims to highlight the relatively recent growth of marine geomorphometry as a distinct discipline, and offers the first comprehensive overview of marine geomorphometry to date. We address all the five main steps of geomorphometry, from data collection to the application of terrain attributes and features. We focus on how these steps are relevant to marine geomorphometry and also highlight differences and similarities from terrestrial geomorphometry. We conclude with recommendations and reflections on the future of marine geomorphometry. To ensure that geomorphometry is used and developed to its full potential, there is a need to increase awareness of (1) marine geomorphometry amongst scientists already engaged in terrestrial geomorphometry, and of (2) geomorphometry as a science amongst marine scientists with a wide range of backgrounds and experiences.

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“…Data were processed by GNS Science and Fugro, and prestack time migrated with 12.5 m common depth point bins. Additional shallow penetration (1-3 s TWT), low-fold seismic surveys, rock dredge and shallow sediment core samples, and swath bathymetry provide details of seafloor geomorphology, shallow structure, and stratigraphy ( Figure F3) (e.g., Mountjoy et al, 2009;Pedley et al, 2010;Mountjoy and Barnes, 2011). Bathymetry data include SIMRAD EM300 30 kHz multibeam data acquired by the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA).…”

Section: Seismic Studies and Site Survey Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2017

International Ocean Discovery Program Scientific Prospectus

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Terrestrial-style slow-moving earthflow kinematics in a submarine landslide complex

Cited by 65 publications

References 48 publications

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A review of marine geomorphometry, the quantitative study of the seafloor

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