Ternary Sn–Ti–O Based Nanostructures as Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract

SnO(x) (x = 0, 1, 2) and TiO(2) are widely considered to be potential anode candidates for next generation lithium ion batteries. In terms of the lithium storage mechanisms, TiO(2) anodes operate on the base of the Li ion intercalation-deintercalation, and they typically display long cycling life and high rate capability, arising from the negligible cell volume change during the discharge-charge process, while their performance is limited by low specific capacity and low electronic conductivity. SnO(x) anodes rely on the alloying-dealloying reaction with Li ions, and typically exhibit large specific capacity but poor cycling performance, originating from the extremely large volume change and thus the resultant pulverization problems. Making use of their advantages and minimizing the disadvantages, numerous strategies have been developed in the recent years to design composite nanostructured Sn-Ti-O ternary systems. This Review aims to provide rational understanding on their design and the improvement of electrochemical properties of such systems, including SnO(x) -TiO(2) nanocomposites mixing at nanoscale and nanostructured Sn(x) Ti(1-x) O(2) solid solutions doped at the atomic level, as well as their combinations with carbon-based nanomaterials.

Growth of Ultrafine SnO 2 Nanoparticles within Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Networks: Non-Solution Synthesis and Excellent Electrochemical Properties as Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

“…In the first discharge cycle, the reduction peak located at about 0.85 V corresponds the irreversible transformation of SnO 2 into metallic Sn (according to the equation: SnO 2 + 4Li + + 4e -→ 2Li 2 O + Sn), while the reduction peak at 0.12 V can be attributed to the formation of Li-Sn alloys. [27,29,[34][35][36] The broad peak at 0.57 V corresponds to the de-alloying of the Li-Sn alloys, whose current increases in the following scans, indicating a possible activation process in the electrode materials.…”

Synthesis of nanocomposites with carbon–SnO2 dual-shells on TiO2 nanotubes and their application in lithium ion batteries

“…26 Even various TiO 2 /SnO 2 composites with 1D nanostructure have been reported, few of which chose TiO 2 nanotubes as building block for material preparation. 17,26 The nanotubes…”

A Coordination Strategy for TixSn1–xO2 Solid Solution Nanocubes Wrapped by Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Candidate for Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Anodes

“…The first discharge and charge capacities of the Ti 0.74 Sn 0.26 O 2 /rGO are 1035.5 and 520.8 mA h g −1 , respectively. The voltage plateau at about 1.1 V in the first discharge curve is corresponding to several influences, involving lithium ion insertion process into rutile Ti 0.7 Sn 0.3 O 2 , electrolyte decomposition and irreversible formation of Li 2 O . In the discharge curves, the capacity of Ti 0.74 Sn 0.26 O 2 /rGO is gradually decreased in the first 10 cycles, and subsquently maintained at about 500 mA h g −1 .…”

“…Significantly, comparing to the reported heterogeneous TiO 2 ‐SnO 2 composite materials, Ti−Sn−O solid solution material distinctly showed the self‐adopted combination of components in the evenly phase, which should be a beneficial strategy to design a good candidate . In this area, Rogach and co‐workers reported that some nanocrystalline Ti−Sn−O solid solution materials exhibited the excellent structure stability as well as the high capacity . Furthermore, to obtain the high performance anode material for the application in LIBs, good electrical conductivity is also an important element.…”