“…As described in our previous works, 30,46,47 the TiO 2 photoanode was composed of a three-layer structure on top of the uorine-doped tin oxide glass (FTO, 7 U per square, Ruilong): a blocking layer 48 (z70 nm thick), a mesoporous TiO 2 layer (mp-TiO 2 , approximately z10-12 mm thick, particle size z 30 nm), and a TiO 2 scattering layer 48 (z5 mm thick, particle size z 300-400 nm). In brief, the FTO glass was initially cleaned using acetone, methanol, and DI water, each sequentially for 3 min, utilizing an ultrasonic cleaner.…”