Term Infants Fed Formula Supplemented With Selected Blends of Prebiotics Grow Normally and Have Soft Stools Similar to Those Reported for Breast‐fed Infants

Ziegler, Ekhard E.; Vanderhoof, Jon A.; Petschow, Bryon W.; Mitmesser, Susan Hazels; Stolz, Suzanne; Harris, Cheryl L.; Berseth, Carol Lynn

doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e31802fca8c

Cited by 129 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Ziegler et al (35), however, fed infants from days 14 to 120 old the formulas given to the control, PG4, and PGL8 groups in a study designed specifically to evaluate infant growth according to the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force recommendations for clinical testing of infant formulas (11). These workers found no differences in the rates of increases in weight or length over the duration of the 120-day study and concluded that infants fed these prebiotic-containing formulas exhibited normal growth (35). Stools from infants in the BF group in the current study were found to be softer and looser than stools from infants in groups that received formula.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nondigestible polydextrose (PDX) and lactulose (LOS) also stimulate bifidobacterial growth (8,16,29). In a recent safety and tolerance study, healthy term infants who received a formula supplemented with prebiotic blends of PDX, GOS, and LOS when they were 14 to 120 days old exhibited normal growth and stool characteristics more similar to those of breast-fed infants than to those of infants fed an unsupplemented control formula (35).…”

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Molecular Ecological Analysis of Fecal Bacterial Populations from Term Infants Fed Formula Supplemented with Selected Blends of Prebiotics

Nakamura

Gaskins

Collier³

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Supplementation of infant formulas with prebiotic ingredients continues the effort to mimic functional properties of human milk. In this double-blind, controlled, 28-day study, healthy term infants received control formula (control group; n ‫؍‬ 25) or control formula supplemented with polydextrose (PDX) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) (4 g/liter) (PG4 group; n ‫؍‬ 27) or with PDX, GOS, and lactulose (LOS) (either 4 g/liter [PGL4 group; n ‫؍‬ 27] or 8 g/liter [PGL8 group; n ‫؍‬ 25]). A parallel breast-fed group (BF group) (n ‫؍‬ 30) was included. Stool characteristics, formula tolerance, and adverse events were monitored. Fecal bacterial subpopulations were evaluated by culture-based selective enumeration (Enterobacteriaceae), quantitative real-time PCR (Clostridium clusters I, XI, and XIV, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (Bifidobacterium). Fecal bacterial community profiles were examined by using 16S rRNA gene PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The daily stool consistency was significantly softer or looser in the BF group than in all of the groups that received formula. The formulas were well tolerated, and the incidences of adverse events did not differ among feeding groups. Few significant changes in bacterial subpopulations were observed at any time point. The bacterial communities were stable; individual profiles tended to cluster by subject rather than by group. Post hoc analysis, however, demonstrated that the bacterial community profiles for subjects in the BF, PG4, PGL4, and PGL8 groups that first received formula at a younger age were less stable than the profiles for subjects in the same groups that received formula at an older age, but there was no difference for the control group. These data indicate that formulas containing PDX, GOS, and LOS blends are more likely to influence gut microbes when administration is begun in early infancy and justify further investigation of the age-related effects of these blends on fecal microbiota.Nondigestible food ingredients called prebiotics pass into the lower gastrointestinal tract and, by definition, may be selectively metabolized by mutualistic microorganisms, such as Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., which in turn contribute to improved host health (12, 34). After lactose and lipids, oligosaccharides, which have prebiotic activity, are the third largest component of human breast milk (5 to 10 g/liter), and there are as many as 200 distinct molecular structures (5, 26). Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are the predominant bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of breast-fed infants, whereas infants who receive cow's milk-based infant formulas, which naturally contain low levels of oligosaccharides, often have higher concentrations of potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae and clostridia, in their intestinal microbiota (4,15,17).Clinical investigations of infant formulas supplemented with galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) at a range of concent...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Ecological Analysis of Fecal Bacterial Populations from Term Infants Fed Formula Supplemented with Selected Blends of Prebiotics

Nakamura

Gaskins

Collier³

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

Self Cite

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“…They have also been studied in relation to any potential untowards effects, such as delayed growth, diarrhoea and an increased risk of inadequate water balance (SCF, 2003c;Ben et al, 2004;Decsi et al, 2005;Fanaro et al, 2005;Bettler and Euler, 2006;Moro et al, 2006;Ziegler et al, 2007;Costalos et al, 2008;Rao et al, 2009;Piemontese et al, 2011;Ashley et al, 2012).…”

Section: Dietary Fibrementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Products¹

2013

EFS2

147

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. This Opinion describes the dietary requirements of infants and young children, compares dietary intakes and requirements in infants and young children in Europe and, based on these findings, concludes on the potential role of young-child formulae in the diets of infants and young children, including whether they have any nutritional benefits when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of infants and young children. The Panel concluded on the levels of nutrient and energy intakes that are considered adequate for the majority of infants and young children, and evaluated the risk of inadequate nutrient intakes in infants and young children in living Europe. Dietary intakes of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iron, vitamin D and iodine (in some European countries) are low in infants and young children living in Europe, and particular attention should be paid to ensuring an appropriate supply of ALA, DHA, iron, vitamin D and iodine in infants and young children with inadequate or at risk of inadequate status of these nutrients. No unique role of young-child formulae with respect to the provision of critical nutrients in the diet of infants and young children living in Europe can be identified, so that they cannot be considered as a necessity to satisfy the nutritional requirements of young children when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of young children (such as breast milk, infant formulae, follow-on formulae and cow's milk).

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“…As far as growth was concerned, none of the studies showed a significant difference between the supplemented and non-supplemented group. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]16,19,20,[28][29][30][31] However, several limitations should be considered: first of all, the role model for ideal infant growth is not the formula-fed but the breast-fed infant; moreover, none of those studies assessed long-term prebiotic effect on infant growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementation of prebiotics in infant formula

Pavić¹,

Hojsak²

2014

NDS

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Term Infants Fed Formula Supplemented With Selected Blends of Prebiotics Grow Normally and Have Soft Stools Similar to Those Reported for Breast‐fed Infants

Cited by 129 publications

References 37 publications

Molecular Ecological Analysis of Fecal Bacterial Populations from Term Infants Fed Formula Supplemented with Selected Blends of Prebiotics

Molecular Ecological Analysis of Fecal Bacterial Populations from Term Infants Fed Formula Supplemented with Selected Blends of Prebiotics

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Supplementation of prebiotics in infant formula

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