Terbinafine Nanohybrid: Proposing a Hydrogel Carrying Nanoparticles for Topical Release

Abstract

A poloxamer 407 (P407)—Casein hydrogel was chosen to carry polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying terbinafine (PCL-TBH-NP). In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride (TBH) was encapsulated into polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, which were further incorporated into a poloxamer-casein hydrogel in a different addition order to evaluate the effect of gel formation. Nanoparticles were prepared by the nanoprecipitation technique and characterized by evaluating their physicochemical characteristics and morphology. The nanoparticles had a mean diameter of 196.7 ± 0.7 nm, PDI of 0.07, negative ζ potential (−0.713 mV), high encapsulation efficiency (>98%), and did not show cytotoxic effects in primary human keratinocytes. PCL-NP modulated terbinafine was released in artificial sweat. Rheological properties were analyzed by temperature sweep tests at different addition orders of nanoparticles into hydrogel formation. The rheological behavior of nanohybrid hydrogels showed the influence of TBH-PCL nanoparticles addition in the mechanical properties of the hydrogel and a long-term release of the nanoparticles from it.

Development and Characterization of Methyl-Anthranilate-Loaded Silver Nanoparticles: A Phytocosmetic Sunscreen Gel for UV Protection

“…A total of 50 grammes of the developed gel were put into a 100 mL beaker and spread evenly to avoid bubble entrapment. The analytical probe was then twice placed into the beaker’s gel sample at a depth of 15 mm, moving at a speed of 2 mm/s and maintaining a gap of 20 s between compressions [ 47 ].…”

Piperine Extraction and Encapsulation in Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles

“…PCL nanoparticles were produced by nanoprecipitation in an aqueous phase containing PVA as a steric stabilizer, according to Tundisi et al [27], with modifications. PVA (0.25% m/v) was solubilized at 96 • C in ultrapure water and PCL (2.5 mg/mL) was solubilized in acetone at 37 • C in a sealed recipient to avoid solvent evaporation.…”

“…The in vitro release test of piperine from pepper extract, PCL nanoparticles, and piperine standard was conducted on vertical diffusion Franz cell system (PermeGear, Hellertown, PA, USA), with a diffusion area of 0.64 cm 2 [27,42]. All samples were prepared to contain the same initial concentration of piperine by previous dilution in the same buffer (PBS) used as the receiving medium, to compare and to respect the sink conditions.…”

“…Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) is a semi-crystalline aliphatic polyester of great interest, since it is a hydrophobic polymer with a lower cost than other aliphatic polyesters [24,25]. Due to its slow degradation and absence of toxicity, PCL has been investigated for use in drug and vaccine delivery systems [26,27] and has already been studied for piperine delivery as an electrospun nanofiber for cancer therapy [28,29]. PCL nanoparticles have been used for topical applications, with studies showing that they can prolong the residence time of actives in upper layers of skin, and even increase the rate and extent of transport across the skin [23,27,[30][31][32].…”

“…Due to its slow degradation and absence of toxicity, PCL has been investigated for use in drug and vaccine delivery systems [26,27] and has already been studied for piperine delivery as an electrospun nanofiber for cancer therapy [28,29]. PCL nanoparticles have been used for topical applications, with studies showing that they can prolong the residence time of actives in upper layers of skin, and even increase the rate and extent of transport across the skin [23,27,[30][31][32]. PCL nanoparticles also present sustained release at a specific site, biocompatibility and biodegradability, and the possibility of modifications in the nanoparticles.…”