“…Cadmium causes embryo/fetal lethality and a wide range of malformations that vary in scope and severity according to species, route, dose, and gestational time of administration (Barr, 1973;Ferm and Carpenter, 1967;Ishizu et al, 1973). Furthermore, sensitivity to cadmium-induced birth defects varies dramatically among inbred strains of mice (Layton and Layton, 1979;Pierro and Haines, 1978;Wolkowski, 1974).…”