Tensile toughening of powder-injection-molded β Ti-Nb-Zr biomaterials by adjusting TiC particle distribution from aligned to dispersed pattern

Influence of defects on damage tolerance of Metal-Injection-Molded β titanium alloys under static and dynamic loading

“…The feedstock mixtures of metallic powders and a binder system [10] in varying ratios were kneaded at 120°C for 4 hr under argon by a sigma mixer (Femix Misch– und Knettechnik, Waiblingen, Germany). Then they were molded into green parts with two geometrical configurations for (i) tensile testing [11] and (ii) fatigue testing [12], via a plastic injection machine (Arburg, Lossburg, Germany).…”

“…Oxygen and carbon are the most concerned interstitial impurities that can significantly influence the mechanical properties of MIM titanium alloys [8]. Corresponding impurity pick-up levels of β titanium alloys fabricated by up-to-date binder-based powder technologies [10,[15][16][17][18][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] are plotted in Figure 2. Apparently, oxygen levels always are in the range of 1500−3800 μg/g, while carbon levels are around 400 −800 μg/g in most cases.…”

“…Apparently, oxygen levels always are in the range of 1500−3800 μg/g, while carbon levels are around 400 −800 μg/g in most cases. The current consensus is that the impurity contamination is mainly generated from the sintering process [10,41,42], partially from starting materials and debinding processes [7]. Oxygen atoms in the interstitial solid solution state are able to affect the fracture mechanisms of (β) titanium alloys.…”

A Review on Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Metal and How It Compares with Metal Injection Moulding

“…As observed from Table 5, atmospheres suitable for sintering of stainless steel are H2, N2, Ar and vacuum, but the atmosphere for the sintering of CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V is limited to Ar or vacuum. It has been suggested that Ti sponge material with a high specific area should be placed in the sintering furnace with MIM Ti parts to scavenge any impurities in the furnace atmosphere [124,189]. The furnace atmosphere is one of the critical issues in the sintering process that influences the material properties, especially for Ti alloys, which are highly reactive with carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.…”

“…As observed from Table 5, atmospheres suitable for sintering of stainless steel are H 2 , N 2 , Ar and vacuum, but the atmosphere for the sintering of CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V is limited to Ar or vacuum. It has been suggested that Ti sponge material with a high specific area should be placed in the sintering furnace with MIM Ti parts to scavenge any impurities in the furnace atmosphere [124,189].…”