“…Human health is facing escalating risks of circulating contagious pathogens and emerging zoonotic spillover due to global changes characterised by urbanisation and habitat fragmentation. 1 The COVID-19 pandemic and 2022 mpox outbreaks have warned us of a possible harsh future, with further deterioration possible upon pathogens’ co-transmission through shared pathways—eg, influenza and SARS-CoV-2 via respiration. This co-transmission will greatly increase the risk of co-infections and pandemics that intensify the burdens of public health infrastructure and expenses for governments.…”