“…Thirdly, histologic confirmation of the deposits of Beta-2 microglobulin was available only in patients who underwent carpal tunnel or other surgeries, while in other cases, no morphologic confirmation, which could have been relevant in the early cases, was available. This limit is shared by virtually all the large studies on DRA, and is difficult to overcome as it involves subjecting patients undergoing dialysis, a time-consuming and intrusive treatment, to another invasive procedure, such as synovial biopsy [66,67,68]. This could be avoided if effective treatments were available, including anti-coiling agents, such as doxycycline, occasionally reported have good results in alleviating pain in DRA, or specific absorption columns, available in Japan, but not in Europe, partly on account of their high costs [69,70,71,72,73].…”