Tendinopathy in type 2 diabetes: a condition between specialties?

The clinical diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy: a scoping review

“…Location of pain was included as a diagnostic criteria of Achilles tendinopathy in 31 studies, with midportion tendinopathy defined as 'midportion' in two studies (Saini et al, 2015;Tan & Chan, 2008), distal 5 cm of the Achilles tendon in one study (Nichols, 1989), 2-5 cm above the calcaneal insertion in three studies ), 2-6 cm above the calcaneal insertion in 13 studies (Alfredson, 2003;Asplund & Best, 2013;Feilmeier, 2017;Fredericson, 1996;Kader et al, 2002;Longo, Ronga & Maffulli, 2009;Maffulli, Giai Via & Oliva, 2015;Maffulli, Sharma & Luscombe, 2004;Maffulli, Via & Oliva, 2014;Sharma & Maffulli, 2006), and 4-6 cm above the calcaneal insertion in one study . The third most common subjective criteria reported was tendon stiffness, with 24 studies including it as a diagnostic criteria (Millar et al, 2021;Alfredson, 2003;Alfredson & Cook, 2007;Asplund & Best, 2013;Baskerville et al, 2018;Benazzo, Todesca & Ceciliani, 1997;Chazan, 1998; Chimenti et al, 2017;Cook, Khan & Purdam, 2002;Feilmeier, 2017;Fredericson, 1996;Irwin, 2010;Jukes, Scott & Solan, 2020;Kader et al, 2002;Maffulli, Giuseppe Longo & Denaro, 2012;Maffulli et al, 2019;Nichols, 1989;Tan & Chan, 2008). As with previous study types, the most common clinical test used to diagnose Achilles tendinopathy was palpation, with all 43 included reviews including it as a clinical measure (Millar et al, 2021;Aldridge, 2004;Alfredson, 2003;…”

“…Of these, 395 were excluded for the following reasons: 240 provided insufficient information on the method of diagnosing Achilles tendinopathy, 11 assessed asymptomatic Achilles tendons only, 46 did not have access to the full text, 52 were not in English and 47 were not specific to Achilles tendinopathy. Thus, 159 articles (Millar et al, 2021;Hutchison et al, 2013;Reiman et al, 2014;Abate & Salini, 2019;Aiyegbusi, Tella & Sanusi, 2020;Aldridge, 2004;Alfredson, 2003;Alfredson & Cook, 2007;Alfredson & Spang, 2018;Aronow, 2005;Asplund & Best, 2013;Azevedo et al, 2009;Barge-Caballero et al, 2008;Barker-Davies et al, 2017;Baskerville et al, 2018;Benazzo, Todesca & Ceciliani, 1997;Benito, 2016;Bhatty, Khan & Zubairy, 2019;Bjordal, Lopes-Martins & Iversen, 2006;Boesen et al, 2017;Borda & Selhorst, 2017;Brown et al, 2006;Carcia et al, 2010;Cassel et al, 2018;Chazan, 1998;Cheng, Zhang & Cai, 2016;Chester et al, 2008;Chimenti et al, 2016;Chimenti et al, 2017;Chimenti et al, 2020;Cook, Khan & Purdam, 2002;Coombes et al, 2018;Creaby et al, 2017;Crill, Berlet & Hyer, 2014;De Jonge et al, 2011;De Marchi et al, 2018;…”

“…Tendon pain 2 (Neeter et al, 2003;Silbernagel et al, 2001) Tendinitis 3 (Aldridge, 2004;Paavola et al, 2000; Tendinosis 3 (Gärdin et al, 2016;Karjalainen et al, 2000;Wei et al, 2017) Tendinopathy 144 (Millar et al, 2021;Hutchison et al, 2013;Reiman et al, 2014;Abate & Salini, 2019;Aiyegbusi, Tella & Sanusi, 2020;Alfredson, 2003;Alfredson & Cook, 2007;Alfredson & Spang, 2018;Aronow, 2005;Asplund & Best, 2013;Azevedo et al, 2009;Barge-Caballero et al, 2008;Barker-Davies et al, 2017;Baskerville et al, 2018;Benazzo, Todesca & Ceciliani, 1997;Benito, 2016;…”

“…Of the 43 narrative reviews included in the scoping review, seven studies investigated insertional Achilles tendinopathy (Aldridge, 2004;Benazzo, Todesca & Ceciliani, 1997;Chimenti et al, 2017;Den Hartog, 2009;Irwin, 2010;Maffulli et al, 2019), 18 studies investigated midportion Achilles tendinopathy (Alfredson, 2003;Alfredson & Cook, 2007;Feilmeier, 2017;Järvinen et al, 2001;Kader et al, 2002;Longo, Ronga & Maffulli, 2009;Maffulli, Sharma & Luscombe, 2004;Maffulli, Via & Oliva, 2014;Scott, Huisman & Khan, 2011;Sharma & Maffulli, 2006;Tan & Chan, 2008), 13 studies investigated both insertional and midportion Achilles tendinopathy (Aronow, 2005;Asplund & Best, 2013;Bhatty, Khan & Zubairy, 2019;Chazan, 1998;Cook, Khan & Purdam, 2002;Fredericson, 1996;Jukes, Scott & Solan, 2020;Maffulli, Giai Via & Oliva, 2015;Saini et al, 2015), and five studies did not specify tendinopathy location (Table 10) (Millar et al, 2021;Baskerville et al, 2018;Maffulli, Giuseppe Longo & Denaro, 2012;Nichols, 1989;Sorosky et al, 2004). The most common subjective diagnostic criteria for diagnosing Achilles tendinopathy was pain with tendon loading, with all 43 included reviews utilising as a diagnostic criteria (Millar et al, 2021;Aldridge, 2004;…”

Pioglitazone attenuates advanced glycation end products‐induced apoptosis and calcification by modulating autophagy in tendon‐derived stem cells

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM), as a systemic metabolic disorder, is an important risk factor for the development and poor prognosis of tendinopathy. 1,2 Tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) are isolated from tendon tissues and possess the capacity of self-renewing and differentiating into tendon-like tissues. 3 TDSCs can promote tendon repair and regeneration, and maintain tendon homeostasis.…”