Tendinopathy

Fontanez, Richard; Jesús, Kevin De; Sepúlveda, Fernando; Micheo, William

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92042-5_61

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Then we assessed the levels of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBa-1), the marker of microglia activation (42,43) and the result showed that it was signi cantly high expressed in CSF Treated group compared to Sham Operation group. Considering ME is an important part of the hypothalamus in the brain, related to the secretion of many hormones (44)(45)(46), we examined the expression of ME-related hormones in mice. Despite its unsigni cant difference between CSF Treated group and Sham Operation group, the expression of OT and ACTH indeed decreased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients after Craniotomy with the Appearance of Interleukin-6 Storm can Activate Microglia to Damage the Hypothalamic Neurons

Huang

Liao

Zhang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Introduction: We monitored CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) for Th1/Th2 inflammatory cytokines in a patient with unexplained postoperative disturbance of consciousness after craniotomy and found that the level of IL-6 (Interleukin-6) concentrations was extremely high, meeting the traditional criteria for an inflammatory cytokine storm. Subsequently, the cerebrospinal fluid specimens of several patients were tested, and it was found that IL-6 levels were increased in different degrees after craniotomy. Previous studies have focused more on mild and long-term IL-6 elevation, but less on the effects of this short-term IL-6 inflammatory cytokine storm. Cerebrospinal fluid rich in IL-6 may play a significant role in patients after craniotomy. Objective: To explore the degree of IL-6 elevation and the incidence of IL-6 inflammatory cytokine storm in patients after craniotomy, as well as the effect of IL-6 elevation on brain. In this study, the levels and clinical manifestations of inflammatory factors in cerebrospinal fluid after craniotomy were statistically classified, and the underlying mechanisms were discussed preliminarily. Methods: CSF specimens of patients after craniotomy were collected, IL-6 level was measured at 1, 5 and 10 days after operation, and cognitive function was analyzed at 1, 10 and 180 days after surgery. Craniotomy mouse model, cerebrospinal fluid of patients with the appearance of IL-6 storm after craniotomy and IL-6 at the same concentration stimulation model were established. Behavioral tests, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), pathological means, western blot, Elisa (enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay) were performed for verification. Results: CSF from patients after craniotomy caused disturbance of consciousness in mice, affected neuronal damage in the hypothalamus, activation of microglia in the hypothalamus, and decreased expression of barrier proteins in the hypothalamus and brain. The large amount of interleukin-6 in CSF after craniotomy was found to be mainly derived from astrocytes. The IL-6 level in CSF after craniotomy correlated inversely with patients’ performance in MoCA test. Conclusion: High levels of IL-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid derived from astrocytes after craniotomy may lead to disruption of the brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, most notably around the hypothalamus, which might result in inflammatory activation of microglia to damage the hypothalamic neurons and impaired cognitive function/more gradual cognitive repairment in patients after craniotomy with the appearance of IL-6 storm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients after Craniotomy with the Appearance of Interleukin-6 Storm can Activate Microglia to Damage the Hypothalamic Neurons

Huang

Liao

Zhang

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…2). Retrospectively, these lesions explained the presenting symptoms of the patient, namely cortical and subcortical de cits (aphasic disturbances, hemiparesis, confusion), cerebellar ataxia and the unexplained severe hyponatremia, the latter possibly attributed to the affected neurohypophysis and hypothalamus [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

A potential role for early hyponatremia in the diagnosis of Borna-virus encephalitis?

Lourbopoulos

Schnurbus

Guenther

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background The first case of fatal Borna Virus-1 encephalitis (BoDV-1) was reported in 2018. Here, we report another fatal case of BoDV-1 encephalitis with early severe hyponatremia, indicative of neurohypophysial dysfunction. Case presentation: A 77-year-old female living in southern Germany was admitted to hospital in 2020 due to rapidly progressing word-finding difficulties, personality changes, global disorientation, diffuse cognitive slowness, and gait ataxia, initially without fever. After a rapid deterioration with fever, gait instability and ataxia, rapid cognitive decline, meningism, epileptic seizures, aphasia, and signs of latent right hemiparesis, the suspicion of a (meningo-)encephalitis was set. Furthermore, an unexplained, severe hyponatremia had been present since admission. Laboratory workup in cerebrovascular fluid (CSF) and serum as well as brain imaging was negative. Despite extensive empirical antiviral, antimicrobial, and immunosuppressive treatment efforts, the patient fell into coma (day 5), lost all brainstem functions (day 18), and remained fully dependent on invasive mechanical ventilation. Finally, she clinically developed a status of brain death and died 42 days after initial admission. Brain autopsy confirmed an extensive, diffuse, and severe affection of neocortical, subcortical and cerebellar structures as well as the neurohypophysis due to infection with BoDV-1. In light of the autopsy results, the hyponatremia could imply an early basal brain involvement, which could narrow down the initial differential diagnosis. Conclusion The diagnosis of BoDV-1 encephalitis remains clinically challenging. The disease progresses quickly to irreversible brain damage. An early, unexplained, hyponatremia in the presence of severe and rapidly evolving encephalitis may narrow down the diagnosis.

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Tendinopathy

Cited by 2 publications

References 31 publications

Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients after Craniotomy with the Appearance of Interleukin-6 Storm can Activate Microglia to Damage the Hypothalamic Neurons

Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients after Craniotomy with the Appearance of Interleukin-6 Storm can Activate Microglia to Damage the Hypothalamic Neurons

A potential role for early hyponatremia in the diagnosis of Borna-virus encephalitis?

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