Tendencies to eye movement and perceptual accuracy.

Crovitz, Herbert F.; Daves, Walter F.

doi:10.1037/h0043452

Cited by 84 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(1 reference statement)

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“…This suggests that abstraction-encoding of the standard pattern is not necessarily completed prior to comparison of some of the features in it with features in a target or nontarget. Crovitz and Davis (1962) showed that the direction of an eye movement following offset of a tachistoscopically presented 318 display correlated highly with the part of the display most accurately reported by S. Throughout the sequence of fixations, the tendency to fixate target patterns over nontarget patterns was progressively reduced, partly because there were fewer remaining targets to fixate.…”

Section: Spatial Analysismentioning

confidence: 78%

Eye-movement parameters and pattern discrimination

Gould

Dill

1969

Perception & Psychophysics

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Fig. 1. Schematic of stimulus. Stimuli always contained a center standard pattern surrounded by eight other patterns of asterisks, some of which matched the standard (called targets) and some of which differed from the standard (called nontargets).Second, the effects on eye-movement parameters of the size of the matrix from which patterns were generated was assessed. Patterns were generated from 4 by 4, 6 by 6, 8 by 8, and 10 by 10 matrices. The larger the matrix size, the larger the average number of elements in a pattern. The results of this study showed clearly-perhaps surprisingly-that pattern discrimination was not affected by these variations in matrix size.Third, the effect on eye-movement parameters of the variations in the number of elements in a pattern of a particular matrix size was evaluated. The results of the study showed that variations in the number of elements in target patterns of a particular matrix size affected eye movement parameters differently than did variations in the number of elements in nontarget patterns of the same matrix size. A target pattern was nearly always fixated foveally, whereas the probability of looking directly at a nontarget pattern depended upon its "similarity" to the standard pattern. Duration of fixation on a pattern, however, was determined both by variations in target patterns and by variations in nontarget patterns.Fourth, an attempt was made to identify the features or variations in patterns, in addition to those specifically manipulated in this experiment, that most affect human pattern discrimination. There presently exists no universal psychophysics of pattern perception. That is, although the three physical variables of intensity, wavelength, and purity account well for the perception of homogeneous visual fields, the physical variables that account for the perception of patterned visual fields have not been satisfactorily identified. This is true even though 1~200

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Section: Spatial Analysismentioning

confidence: 78%

Eye-movement parameters and pattern discrimination

Gould

Dill

1969

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Recently this notion has been advocated by Festinger, Burnham, Ono, andBamber (1967), Festinger, White, andAllyn (1968), and Grovitz and Daves (1962). A difficulty of the notion is to refute the conventional view that perception determines movements and tendencies to movement, and not vice versa.…”

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confidence: 90%

Tendencies to eye movement, and misperception of curvature, direction, and length

Virsu

1971

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…It is necessary here to distinguish between the notions of icon and percept: The former (cf. Neisser, 1967, p. 20) is presumably the perseveration for a second or so of a stimulus-produced pattern of activity at the terminus of the projection system: it has been reported, e.g., by Crovitz and Davies (1962), that appropriate eye movements occur during this period, as if the stimulus were still present The latter is a more central correlate of such projection-level activity (and this correlate can also be activated centrally, in which case it is called an image); a percept is also assumed to reverberate over some indefinite (but longer) period, to be susceptible to facilitation via central feedback, and to display certain Gestalt-like properties (e.g., closure). Controversies over the nature of percepts-e.g., template models, feature models, parallel processing models (cf.…”

Section: Peripheral Perceptual Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salience of the word as a unit in the perception of language

Osgood

Hoosain

1974

Perception & Psychophysics

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Seven interlocking experiments are reported in which both guessing and recognition thresholds for words are compared with those for other linguistic units both smaller than (nonword morphemes and trigrams) and larger than (nominal compounds, ordinary noun phrases, and nonsense compounds) the word. Thresholds were consistently lower for words than for morphemes or trigrams (matched or even much higher in visual usage frequency) and lower for word-like nominal compounds (e.g., stumbling block) than for ordinary noun phrases (copper block) or nonsense compounds (sympathy block). Prior exposure (through two correct recognitions) to ordinary noun phrases, nonsense compounds, and the constituent single words of nominal compounds significantly facilitated subsequent recognition of the single-word constituents, but prior exposure to nominal compounds had no effect whatsoever on subsequent recognition of their single-word constituents. These results as a whole are interpreted as supporting the following conclusions: (l) that the word has special salience in the perception of language; (2) that the reason for this salience is the unique meaningfulness of the word (or the word-like nominal compound) as a whole; and (3) that the mechanism for this salience is the convergence of feedback from central mediational processes with feed-forward from peripheral sensory processes upon the integration of word-form percepts.The first author (Osgood, 1963, and elsewhere) has argued that the word has special status as a psycholinguistic unit, being simultaneously the largest characteristic unit at the meaningless sensory integration level and the smallest characteristic unit at the meaningful representational level. For language perception, the word meets the requirements for sensory integration as a closure mechanism-redundancy of the same sensory "whole" in the Gestalt sense, relatively high frequency of occurrence, and temporal duration well within the limits of cell-assembly reverberation (cf. Hebb, 1949). For language understanding, the word is the smallest meaningful unit that accepts almost unlimited insertions at its boundaries (cf. Greenberg's essay on the linguistic definition of the word, 1957) and hence can combine with other words to form an infmite variety of sentences.Many experiments with the tachistoscope have testified empirically to an inverse relation between frequency of usage of words and their duration thresholds for recognition (e.g., Howes & Solomon, 1951; Solomon & Postman, 1952;King-Ellison & Jenkins, 1954;Postman & Rosenzweig, 1957). This relation holds when the frequencies of usage are for word forms, usually as determined from Thorndike-Lorge tables, independent of their multiple senses or meanings. At the level of sensory integration, the word is thus an empty or meaningless form, capable of multiple semantic codings depending upon linguistic context.There are other identifiable units in the surface forms of printed language, both larger and smaller than the word. Larger units include sentences, clauses...

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Tendencies to eye movement and perceptual accuracy.

Cited by 84 publications

References 1 publication

Eye-movement parameters and pattern discrimination

Eye-movement parameters and pattern discrimination

Tendencies to eye movement, and misperception of curvature, direction, and length

Salience of the word as a unit in the perception of language

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