Tenax extraction mimics benthic and terrestrial bioavailability of organic compounds

Abstract

Biota to sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) are widely used to describe the potential accumulation of organic contaminants in organisms. From field studies it is known that these BSAFs can vary dramatically between sediments of different origin, which is possibly explained by the variation in bioavailability of organic contaminants in sediments. In the present study it is shown that the variability in BSAF values for different sediment samples obtained at two Dutch freshwater sites could largely be explained by the variation in Tenax-extractable concentrations in these sediments. Variations of a factor of about 50 could be explained. The ratio between concentrations in biota and Tenax-extractable concentrations in sediment varied slightly between sediments and contaminant class, but was close to the theoretically expected value of 2. This is a strong indication that Tenax-extractable concentrations of contaminants in sediments are an excellent indicator of available concentrations.

Evaluation of different methods for assessing bioavailability of DDT residues during soil remediation

“…The results of IDM were further compared again accessibility given by Tenax desorption for 24 h that has been previously tested on various HOCs in soil or sediment (Cornelissen et al, 2001;Harwood et al, 2012;Ten Hulscher et al, 2003). In the current study, the derived F 24h values of DDTs and PCBs in soil B were consistently smaller than those in soil A (Fig.…”

The impact of extraction methodologies on the toxicity of sediments in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo test

“…Tenax ® TA extraction (TNX) was carried out with modifications and adaptations of several protocols (Cornelissen et al 2001;Cornelissen et al 1997;Ten Hulscher et al 2003).…”

“…Tenax ® TA beads were then extracted for 30 s three or four times with a total volume of 30 ml n-hexane (Ten Hulscher et al 2003).…”

“…Hence, the method can be addressed as an exhaustive passive extraction technique for solid environmental samples (Seiler et al 2006). Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin extraction (HPCD) and Tenax ® -TA extraction (TNX) are both techniques considered to provide extracts which represent the bioaccessible fractions of pollutants (Brack et al 2009;Cornelissen et al 2001;De la Cal et al 2008;Reid et al 2000;Schwab and Brack 2007;Ten Hulscher et al 2003; Van der Heijden and Jonker 2009). Within the present study, SOX was used as a reference and expected to yield highly effective extracts.…”

“…This comparison was carried out at the biotest level, i.e., with the fish embryo test with zebrafish (Braunbeck et al 2005;Nagel 2002). Most extraction methods have so far been characterised in relation to chemically determined uptake and accumulation of pollutants (e.g., Cornelissen et al 2001;De la Cal et al 2008;Moermond et al 2007;Sormunen et al 2009;Swindell and Reid 2006;Ten Hulscher et al 2003). To our knowledge, only few studies have been conducted in order to comparatively investigate the direct or observable biological effects of sediment extracts (Andersson et al 2009;Feiler et al 2009b;Kosmehl et al 2007;Seiler et al 2006).…”