Ten years of serological surveillance in England and Wales: methods, results, implications and action

Osborne, K; Hesketh, Louise; Morgan‐Capner, P.; Miller, Elizabeth

doi:10.1093/ije/29.2.362

Cited by 113 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Previous studies using the same collection have, however, found a consistency between seroprevalence for other vaccine preventable infections and population vaccine coverage data (Osborne et al, 2000). This suggests that the sample source is broadly representative of the general population, at least for relatively common infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prevalence of human papillomavirus antibodies in young female subjects in England

Jit

Vyse²,

Borrow³

et al. 2007

Br J Cancer

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Sera from 1483 female subjects in England aged 10 -29 years were tested. The age-standardised seroprevalence was 10.7% (95% confidence intervals 9.0 -12.3) for human papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 2.7% (1.8 -3.6) for HPV 11, 11.9% (10.2 -13.6) for HPV 16, 4.7% (3.5 -5.8) for HPV 18, Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) types identified as 'high-risk' is a pre-requisite for developing cervical cancer (Munoz et al, 2003). HPV types 16 and 18 are associated with 70% of cervical cancers worldwide (Munoz et al, 2003), while HPV types 6 and 11, although not 'high-risk', are associated with over 90% of cases of anogenital warts (von Krogh et al, 2001). Two prophylactic vaccines against HPV (a bivalent vaccine against types 16 and 18, and a quadrivalent vaccine that also includes types 6 and 11) have been shown in clinical trials to reduce persistent HPV infection and associated disease by over 90% in up to 5 years of follow-up (Harper et al, 2004;Villa et al, 2006).Epidemiological knowledge of HPV infection in the UK relies heavily on prevalence studies of HPV DNA in the cervical epithelium of women undergoing cervical sampling (Woodman et al, 2001;Kitchener et al, 2006) and usually relates to female subjects known to be sexually active. These studies indicate the prevalence of current infection, as most HPV infections are transient and become DNA negative within 2 years (Moscicki et al, 2006). In individuals who mount a detectable humoral immune response, HPV type-specific serum antibodies are an indicator of past exposure. Testing of blood samples also offers the opportunity to survey different populations.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) utilising viruslike particles have been used successfully for seroprevalence studies in several countries including the USA (Stone et al, 2002) and Sweden (af Geijersstam et al, 1999). We report on the first population-based study of HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 seroprevalence in England, in 10-to 29-year-old female subjects -the likely target age range for vaccination, but an age range in which little is known about infection rates. MATERIALS AND METHODSSerum specimens were obtained from the Health Protection Agency Sero-Epidemiology Unit collection, consisting of unlinked residual sera submitted to laboratories in England for routine microbiological or biochemical investigations. Sera from immunocompromised individuals and repeat sera from the same individuals were excluded (Osborne et al, 2000).Sera were selected from 1483 women aged 10 -29 years, chosen as most important for informing the design of HPV vaccination programmes in the UK. Sera came from 11 laboratories in England that collected samples in 2002 -2004. About 90 samples were selected for each single year of age in the range 10 -19 years, and about 60 samples for each of the ages 20 -29 years. Samples were tested for specific neutralising antibodies to HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 by Merck and Co Inc., using a multiplexed competitive Luminex s assay with antibody levels reported in milli-Merck units per millilitre (mMu ml À1 ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Sera from immunocompromised individuals and repeat sera from the same individuals were excluded (Osborne et al, 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of human papillomavirus antibodies in young female subjects in England

Jit

Vyse²,

Borrow³

et al. 2007

Br J Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Serological surveys allow the early identification of susceptible cohorts, allowing targeted interventions, e.g. catch-up campaigns to be undertaken [1][2][3][4]. Serological surveys can also be used to evaluate the impact of campaigns and ascertain elimination status [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardization of measles, mumps and rubella assays to enable comparisons of seroprevalence data across 21 European countries and Australia

Tischer

Andrews²,

Kafatos³

et al. 2007

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYThe aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network is to establish comparability of the serological surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe. The designated reference laboratory (RL) for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) prepared and tested a panel of 151 sera by the reference enzyme immunoassay (rEIA). Laboratories in 21 countries tested the panel for antibodies against MMR using their usual assay (a total of 16 different EIAs) and the results were plotted against the reference results in order to obtain equations for the standardization of national serum surveys. The RL also tested the panel by the plaque neutralization test (PNT). Large differences in qualitative results were found compared to the RL. Well-fitting standardization equations with R 2 o0 . 8 were obtained for almost all laboratories through regression of the quantitative results against those of the RL. When compared to PNT, the rEIA had a sensitivity of 95 . 3%, 92 . 8% and 100 % and a specificity of 100%, 87 . 1 % and 92 . 8 % for measles, mumps and rubella, respectively. The need for standardization was highlighted by substantial inter-country differences. Standardization was successful and the selected standardization equations allowed the conversion of local serological results into common units and enabled direct comparison of seroprevalence data of the participating countries.

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“…Mathematical epidemiological models for the dynamics of microparasite infections that induce lifelong immunity have been extensively developed (Kermack and McKendrick, 1927;Anderson and May, 1991;Grenfell et al, 2001) and used as predictive tools to assist in the design of control programmes (Osborne et al, 2000). This class of infections is viral and usually occurs during childhood (if there is no vaccination occurring), which is indicative of high transmissibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection, reinfection, and vaccination under suboptimal immune protection: epidemiological perspectives

Gomes

White

Medley

2004

Journal of Theoretical Biology

153

130

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The SIR (susceptible-infectious-resistant) and SIS (susceptible-infectious-susceptible) frameworks for infectious disease have been extensively studied and successfully applied. They implicitly assume the upper and lower limits of the range of possibilities for host immune response. However, the majority of infections do not fall into either of these extreme categories. We combine two general avenues that straddle this range: temporary immune protection (immunity wanes over time since infection), and partial immune protection (immunity is not fully protective but reduces the risk of reinfection). We present a systematic analysis of the dynamics and equilibrium properties of these models in comparison to SIR and SIS, and analyse the outcome of vaccination programmes. We describe how the waning of immunity shortens inter-epidemic periods, and poses major difficulties to disease eradication. We identify a ''reinfection threshold'' in transmission when partial immunity is included. Below the reinfection threshold primary infection dominates, levels of infection are low, and vaccination is highly effective (approximately an SIR model). Above the reinfection threshold reinfection dominates, levels of infection are high, and vaccination fails to protect (approximately an SIS situation). This association between high prevalence of infection and vaccine failure emphasizes the problems of controlling recurrent infections in high-burden regions. However, vaccines that induce a better protection than natural infection have the potential to increase the reinfection threshold, and therefore constitute interventions with a surprisingly high capacity to reduce infection where reduction is most needed. r

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Ten years of serological surveillance in England and Wales: methods, results, implications and action

Cited by 113 publications

References 21 publications

Prevalence of human papillomavirus antibodies in young female subjects in England

Prevalence of human papillomavirus antibodies in young female subjects in England

Standardization of measles, mumps and rubella assays to enable comparisons of seroprevalence data across 21 European countries and Australia

Infection, reinfection, and vaccination under suboptimal immune protection: epidemiological perspectives

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