Ten-year review of otitis media pathogens

Bluestone, Charles D.; Stephenson, J.; Martin, L.

doi:10.1097/00006454-199208001-00002

Cited by 423 publications

(249 citation statements)

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“…4-7 The higher prevalence of H. influenzae, followed by S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis reproduces, in our sample, the findings of other studies, which also show an inverse order between pneumococcus and haemophilus, when comparing the data with those obtained from AOM patients. 6 The individual percentage rates for H. influenzae (10.2%), S. pneumoniae (6.3%) and M. catarrhalis (3.9%) are very similar to the ones recently observed by Sutton et al when they assessed ROM and COME samples 12.1%, 9.6% and 5.6%, respectively. 7 On the other hand, the comparison of the results of the present study with those obtained from Brazilian studies shows some discrepancy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…North-American studies with AOM and OM effusions have revealed 90-100% of beta-lactamase production since the late 1980s. 6,7,25,26 In Brazil, a study of children with AOM also showed 100% betalactamase producing moraxellae, which suggests that the behavior of this pathogen in our setting is the same as that reported in the international literature. 33 Medical literature has shown an increase in the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The most frequently detected bacteria are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. [4][5][6][7] Recently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were adapted to detect bacterial DNA in middle ear effusions, and their use increased the frequency of positive results for these bacteria in the examined effusions by nearly 80%. 8 10 The prevalence rates mentioned above and the necessity to define beforehand which microorganisms should be identified by PCR made us opt for the investigation of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalência de bactérias em crianças com otite média com efusão

Pereira¹,

Pereira²,

Cantarelli³

et al. 2004

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objectives: 1) To determine the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in middle ear effusions of children with otitis media with effusion undergoing myringotomy; 2) to compare the results obtained by culture and PCR; and 3) to determine the susceptibility of bacterial isolates to penicillin. Methods:We analyzed 128 middle ear effusion specimens from 75 children (age = 11 months to 10 years; mean = 34.7 months). Patients with recurrent otitis media had documented middle ear effusion for = 6 weeks, and chronic otitis media with effusion for = 3 months. The patients had no signs of acute otitis media or respiratory tract infection and were not on antibiotic therapy. Aspiration was done through tympanocentesis with an Alden-Senturia trap. Bacteriological studies were initiated less than 15 minutes after specimen collection. Part of the sample was stored at -20 o C for later multiplex PCR analysis. Statistical analysis employed McNemar s χ 2 test.Results: Bacteria were cultured in 32 (25.1%) out of 128 samples and the pathogens under investigation were found in 25 (19.6%). PCR was positive for bacteria in 73 (57.0%) specimens: 50 (39.1%) for H. influenzae, 16 (12.5%) for S. pneumoniae, and 13 (10.2%) for M. catarrhalis. All the culture-positive samples were PCR-positive, but 48 (65.7%) of the PCR-positive specimens were culture-negative. PCR was significantly more sensitive than culture (p < 0.01) to identify bacteria. Resistance to penicillin was as follows: M. catarrhalis = 100%; S. pneumoniae = 62.5% and H. influenzae = 23% of the isolates. Conclusions:The prevalence of bacteria in otitis media with effusion in a group of Brazilian children was similar to that reported for other countries. H. influenzae was the most frequent microorganism observed. This suggests that bacteria may play a role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. In addition, PCR was more sensitive to detect bacteria in middle ear effusion as compared to conventional culture methods. Penicillin resistance was similar to that reported for other countries for pneumococci and moraxella, but beta-lactamase production by H. influenza was lower than that reported for other countries.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004;80(1):41-8: Otitis media, otitis media with effusion/microbiology, ear, middle/ microbiology, PCR, prevalence studies, child.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prevalência de bactérias em crianças com otite média com efusão

Pereira¹,

Pereira²,

Cantarelli³

et al. 2004

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…15 Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen in otitis media and is involved in at least 20% to 40% of all cases. [16][17][18] Hence, genetic polymorphisms that influence recurrence of otitis media may also be related to response to pneumococcal antigens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Polymorphisms in Immunoresponse GenesTNFA,IL6,IL10, andTLR4Are Associated With Recurrent Acute Otitis Media

et al. 2007

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OBJECTIVE. Cytokines and other inflammatory mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of otitis media. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in inflammatory response genes contribute to the increased susceptibility to acute otitis media in otitis-prone children. PATIENTS AND METHODS. DNA samples from 348 children with ≥2 acute otitis media episodes, who were participating in a randomized, controlled vaccination trial, and 463 healthy adult controls were included. Polymorphisms in TNFA, IL1B, IL4, IL6, IL10, IL8, NOS2A, C1INH, PARP, TLR2, and TLR4 were genotyped. Genotype distributions in children with recurrent acute otitis media were compared with those in controls. Within the patient group, the number of acute otitis media episodes before vaccination and the clinical and immunologic response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccinations were analyzed. RESULTS. The IL6-174 G/G genotype was overrepresented in children with acute otitis media when compared with controls. In the patient group, TNFA promoter genotypes −238 G/G and −376 G/G and the TLR4 299 A/A genotype were associated with an otitis-prone condition. Furthermore, lower specific anticapsular antibody production after complete vaccination was observed in patients with the TNFA-238 G/G genotype or TNFA-863 A allele carriage. Finally, the IL10-1082 A/A genotype contributed to protection from the recurrence of acute otitis media after pneumococcal vaccination. CONCLUSIONS. Variation in innate immunoresponse genes such as TNFA-863A, TNFA-376G, TNFA-238G, IL10-1082 A, and IL6-174G alleles in the promoter sequences may result in altered cytokine production that leads to altered inflammatory responses and, hence, contributes to an otitis-prone condition.

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“…pneumoniae, a Gram-positive bacterium, is an important human pathogen that colonizes the upper respiratory tract (9). It causes potentially life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis as well as otitis media, the most common childhood bacterial infection and the leading cause of conductive hearing loss (10). Using animal models of infection, numerous S. pneumoniae virulence factors have been identified (11,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Role for IκB Kinase (IKK) α and IKKβ in ERK-Dependent Up-Regulation of MUC5AC Mucin Transcription by Streptococcus pneumoniae

Lim

Jono

et al. 2007

The Journal of Immunology

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Epithelial cells represent the first line of host innate defense against invading microbes by elaborating a range of molecules involved in pathogen clearance. In particular, epithelial mucins facilitate the mucociliary clearance by physically trapping inhaled microbes. Up-regulation of mucin production thus represents an important host innate defense response against invading microbes. How mucin is induced in upper respiratory Streptococcus pneumoniae infections is unknown. In this study, we show that pneumolysin is required for up-regulation of MUC5AC mucin via TLR4-dependent activation of ERK in human epithelial cells in vitro and in mice in vivo. Interestingly, a “second wave” of ERK activation appears to be important in mediating MUC5AC induction. Moreover, IκB kinase (IKK) α and IKKβ are distinctly involved in MUC5AC induction via an ERK1-dependent, but IκBα-p65- and p100-p52-independent, mechanism, thereby revealing novel roles for IKKs in mediating up-regulation of MUC5AC mucin by S. pneumoniae.

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Ten-year review of otitis media pathogens

Cited by 423 publications

References 0 publications

Prevalência de bactérias em crianças com otite média com efusão

Prevalência de bactérias em crianças com otite média com efusão

Genetic Polymorphisms in Immunoresponse GenesTNFA,IL6,IL10, andTLR4Are Associated With Recurrent Acute Otitis Media

A Novel Role for IκB Kinase (IKK) α and IKKβ in ERK-Dependent Up-Regulation of MUC5AC Mucin Transcription by Streptococcus pneumoniae

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