Temporary inactivation of the perirhinal cortex by muscimol injections block acquisition and expression of fear‐potentiated startle

Schulz, Brigitte; Fendt, Markus; Richardson, Rick; Schnitzler, Hans‐Ulrich

doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03180.x

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Because impairment occurred in freezing to both the training context and the CS, it is reasonable to suggest that the representation of the shock US was disrupted in the studies of Sacchetti et al (1999Sacchetti et al ( , 2002 either by disruption of insular cortex or by unintended inactivation of the amygdala. The location of inactivation may also explain the results of another study in which infusions of the GABA A agonist muscimol into rostral PER adjacent to the amygdala blocked the acquisition and expression of fearpotentiated startle (Schulz et al, 2004). Anterior perirhinal lesions also impaired the fear-potentiated startle to a visual CS (Rosen et al, 1992) and fear conditioning to olfactory CSs while sparing freezing to context (Herzog and Otto, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Perirhinal and Postrhinal Contributions to Remote Memory for Context

Burwell¹,

Bucci²,

Sanborn³

et al. 2004

J. Neurosci.

115

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The perirhinal (PER) and postrhinal (POR) cortices, two components of the medial temporal lobe memory system, are reciprocally connected with the hippocampus both directly and via the entorhinal cortex. Damage to PER or POR before or shortly after training on a contextual fear conditioning task causes deficits in the subsequent expression of contextual fear, implicating these regions in the acquisition or expression of contextual memory. Here, we examined the contribution of PER and POR to the processing of remotely learned contextual information. Male Long-Evans rats were trained in an unsignaled contextual fear conditioning paradigm. After training, rats received bilateral neurotoxic lesions to PER or POR or sham control surgeries at three different training-to-lesion intervals: 1, 28, or 100 d after training. Two weeks after surgery, lesioned and control rats were returned to the training context to assess contextual fear as measured by freezing. Rats with PER or POR damage froze significantly less in the training context than control rats but were not different from each other. The severity of the deficit did not differ across training-to-lesion intervals for any group. This pattern of deficits differs from that of posttraining hippocampal lesions, for which longer training-to-lesion intervals produce significantly more fear-conditioned contextual freezing than shorter training-to-lesion intervals. In the absence of such a retrograde gradient in the present study, our interpretation is that PER and POR have an ongoing role in the storage or retrieval of representations for context. Alternatively, these regions may be involved in a more extended consolidation process that becomes apparent beyond 100 d after learning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Perirhinal and Postrhinal Contributions to Remote Memory for Context

Burwell¹,

Bucci²,

Sanborn³

et al. 2004

J. Neurosci.

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Lesions of infralimbic cortex also disrupt reversal learning in rats, but the disruption may be attributable to an actual learning deficit, whereas the deficit after orbitofrontal cortex lesions appears to be a perseveration of the original association (Chudasama and Robbins 2003). In rodents, the anterior cingulate and perirhinal cortex have been implicated in evaluating reward-effort decision-making (Walton et al 2003) and emotional learning, respectively (Schulz et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Regionally selective decreases in cerebral glucose metabolism in a mouse model of phenylketonuria

Qin

Smith

2007

J of Inher Metab Disea

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Impairment of cognitive function is characteristic of untreated phenylketonuria in humans and in the pah(enu2) mouse model of phenylketonuria. We measured regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose in the adult male pah(enu2) mouse to determine the effect of PKU on functional activity in brain and to discern what, if any, brain areas are affected. Our results demonstrate selective decreases (17-21%) in regions thought to be involved in executive function. Regions most significantly affected include prelimbic, anterior cingulate, orbital frontal and perirhinal cortex. Sensory and motor areas of cortex and hippocampus were remarkably unaffected.

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“…This can be done by optogenetic tools (for the rat, see Zalocusky and Deisseroth 2013), or by local microinjections of drugs inactivating neuronal firing. A suitable drug for these purposes is muscimol, a GABA-A receptor agonist, a method previously applied to a number of different brain structures and behaviors (e.g., Fendt et al 2003;Schulz et al 2004;Müller and Fendt 2006). Notably, these local injections silence neural activity quickly but are remarkably transient ( 120 min) (Martin 1991).…”

Section: Rat Punishment-learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain-relief learning in flies, rats, and man: basic research and applied perspectives

et al. 2014

Self Cite

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Memories relating to a painful, negative event are adaptive and can be stored for a lifetime to support preemptive avoidance, escape, or attack behavior. However, under unfavorable circumstances such memories can become overwhelmingly powerful. They may trigger excessively negative psychological states and uncontrollable avoidance of locations, objects, or social interactions. It is therefore obvious that any process to counteract such effects will be of value. In this context, we stress from a basic-research perspective that painful, negative events are "Janus-faced" in the sense that there are actually two aspects about them that are worth remembering: What made them happen and what made them cease. We review published findings from fruit flies, rats, and man showing that both aspects, respectively related to the onset and the offset of the negative event, induce distinct and oppositely valenced memories: Stimuli experienced before an electric shock acquire negative valence as they signal upcoming punishment, whereas stimuli experienced after an electric shock acquire positive valence because of their association with the relieving cessation of pain. We discuss how memories for such punishment-and relief-learning are organized, how this organization fits into the threat-imminence model of defensive behavior, and what perspectives these considerations offer for applied psychology in the context of trauma, panic, and nonsuicidal self-injury.The acknowledged "negative" mnemonic effects of adverse experiences mostly relate to what happens before the onset of an aversive, painful event. However, there is a less widely acknowledged type of memory that relates to what happens after the offset of or after escape from such a painful event, at the moment of "relief" (Fig. 1) (we use "relief" to refer specifically to the acute effects of punishment offset; an equally legitimate yet broader use of the word in, e.g., "fear relief," encompasses any process that eases fear [Riebe et al. 2012]). Indeed, in experimental settings, it turns out that stimuli experienced before and during a punishing episode are later avoided as they signal upcoming punishment, whereas stimuli experienced after a painful episode can subsequently prompt approach behavior, arguably (Box 1) because of their association with the relieving cessation of pain (Konorski 1948;Smith and Buchanan 1954;Wolpe and Lazarus 1966;Zanna et al. 1970;Solomon and Corbit 1974;Schull 1979;Solomon 1980;Wagner 1981;Walasek et al. 1995;Tanimoto et al. 2004;Yarali et al. 2008Yarali et al. , 2009bAndreatta et al. 2010Andreatta et al. , 2012Yarali and Gerber 2010;Ilango et al. 2012;Navratilova et al. 2012;Diegelmann et al. 2013b); for a corresponding finding in the appetitive domain, see Hellstern et al. (1998) andFelsenberg et al. (2013). Such relief can both support the learning of the cues associated with the disappearance of the threat and reinforce those behaviors that helped to escape it. Obviously, the positive conditioned valence of and ensuing learned approach behavi...

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Temporary inactivation of the perirhinal cortex by muscimol injections block acquisition and expression of fear‐potentiated startle

Cited by 19 publications

References 56 publications

Perirhinal and Postrhinal Contributions to Remote Memory for Context

Perirhinal and Postrhinal Contributions to Remote Memory for Context

Regionally selective decreases in cerebral glucose metabolism in a mouse model of phenylketonuria

Pain-relief learning in flies, rats, and man: basic research and applied perspectives

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