“…The aim of text recognition, also known as optical character recognition (OCR), is to convert the text in images into digital text sequences. Many studies have been conducted on this technology owing to its wide range of real-world applications, including reading license plates and handwritten text, analyzing documents such as receipts and invoices [23,58], and analyzing road signs in automated driving and natural scenes [14,16]. However, the various fonts, lighting variations, complex backgrounds, low-quality images, occlusion, and text deformation make text recognition challenging.…”