Temporal Trends in the Secondary Sex Ratio in Nordic Countries

Fellman, Johan; Eriksson, Aldur W.

doi:10.1080/19485565.2011.614193

Cited by 26 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The number of males born per 100 females (secondary sex ratio) is not stable over time. An increasing trend in Northern European populations in the 18th and early 20th centuries shifted to a markedly decreasing trend from the latter half of the 20th century until the present 20 , 21 . Sudden downward shifts seen in small populations associated with environmental and occupational chemical exposures are consistent with a male disadvantage in responding to toxic burdens 22 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Gender Differences among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Differential Symptom Patterns

Baker

Milivojevich²

2013

Glob Adv Health Med

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The gender ratio among children in the autism spectrum of more than four boys to every girl is widely recognized. The authors present an analysis of gender differences among 79 482 symptoms and strengths in 1495 boys and 336 girls aged 2 to 18 years from parent-identified autistic children reported to a structurally novel anonymous parent-entered online database, Autism360. The data reveal differences that provide previously undetected clues to gender differences in immune and central nervous system and gastrointestinal functional disturbances. Together with published observations of male/female differences in inflammation, oxidative stress, and detoxication, these findings open doors to research focusing on gender physiology as clues to etiologic factors in autism. This study exemplifies a research method based on a large, detailed, patient-entered, structured data set in which patterns of individual illness and healing may answer collective questions about prevention and treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Gender Differences among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Differential Symptom Patterns

Baker

Milivojevich²

2013

Glob Adv Health Med

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“…Studies which have had access to M/F data from before 1950 have described increasing trends in M/F prior to this period, followed by a decreasing trend thereafter (9). These trends were especially noticeable in Finland, with a rise in M/F between 1751 and 1948, as well as in Denmark (10,11).…”

Section: Secular Variation In M/fmentioning

confidence: 89%

Secular Trends and Latitude Gradients in the Male-Female Ratio at Birth in Yugoslavia and the Ex-Yugoslavian States

Grech

2013

Acta Med. (Hradec Kralove, Czech Repub.)

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Summary:Background: Latitude gradients and secular trends in Europe and North America have been found in the male-female ratio at birth (M/F: male births divided by total births) which approximates 0.515. Methods: Annual national data for Yugoslavia and the post-Yugoslavia States for male and female live births were obtained from the World Health Organisation and analysed with contingency tables. Results: This study analysed 22,020,729 live births. There was a increasing trend in M/F prior to the breakup of the former Yugoslavia (1950Yugoslavia ( -1990, p = 0.002), followed by a decreasing trend after 1990 (p = 0.02). A latitude gradient was also noted, with more males being born in southern, warmer latitudes (p < 0.0001). There was an overall excess of 42,753 male births based on an anticipated M/F of 0.515. Conclusion: M/F is decreasing in this region, similar to the rest of Europe and North America. A latitude gradient is also present with more males being born in warmer (more Southern) latitudes (p < 0.0001), even in this small region and over the short timeframe studied.

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“…M/F has been shown to be declining in Europe and in North America, but these Asian results show the converse, with a temporally increasing M/F. Studies that have analyzed data from before 1950 have noted generally increasing trends in M/F before this period, with a decreasing trend thereafter, but these data were not available for analysis from the available data source.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secular trends and latitude gradients in sex ratio at birth in Asia during the past 60 years

Grech

2013

Pediatrics International

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Background: Latitude gradients and secular trends in Europe and North America have been found in the male-female ratio at birth (M/F: male births divided by total births), which is anticipated to approximate 0.515. Methods: Annual national data for Asian countries for male and female live births were obtained from the World Health Organization and analyzed with contingency tables. Results: A total of 245 938 211 live births were analyzed. An overall increasing trend in M/F was found (P < 0.0001).A latitude gradient was also noted, with more boys being born in southern, warmer latitudes (P < 0.0001). There was an overall deficit of 1 351 757 male births based on an anticipated M/F of approximately 0.515. Conclusion: M/F is increasing overall in Asia, unlike the decline previously noted in Europe and North America. Moreover, it had been shown that there is a higher incidence of male births in southern Europe than in the north, with the opposite gradient in North America. This paper shows that M/F latitude gradients in Asia are in keeping with those of Europe. The overall M/F in Asia may be rising due to improving socioeconomic conditions, and the interplay of several poorly understood factors is likely.Key words Asia, birth rate, infant, newborn, sex ratio, Southeastern Far East, trends.Gender is determined at conception in mammals, and male births occur slightly in excess. 1 The male to female ratio of live births is expressed as the ratio of male live births divided by total live births (M/F), and for humans this is expected to approximate 0.515.1 The reason for this discrepancy is uncertain but a plethora of factors have been proposed.2 Indeed, the study of M/F has become a subspecialty in its own right, with numerous and ongoing studies in this field. Findings from this research may be relevant in a wider sense because M/F has been proposed to function as a surrogate health indicator, as will be outlined. This study identifies secular trends in M/F in Asia from a World Health Organization (WHO) dataset that includes the past 60 years. Secular trends and trends by geographical latitude are also analyzed. The null hypothesis is that there were no significant geographical or secular differences in M/F. Methods Data sourcesAnnual male and female live births were obtained directly from WHO. Asia is conventionally divided into the low latitudes (0-23°N), the middle latitudes (24°N-40°N) and the high latitudes (Ն41°N), and this categorization was applied. StatisticsExcel was used for data entry, overall analysis and charting. The quadratic equations of Fleiss were used for exact calculation of 95% confidence intervals for ratios.7 Chi-squared tests and chisquared tests for trends for annual male and female births were used throughout. Statistical significance was set at P Յ 0.05. ResultsThere were 245 938 211 live births available for analysis.

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Temporal Trends in the Secondary Sex Ratio in Nordic Countries

Cited by 26 publications

References 31 publications

Gender Differences among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Differential Symptom Patterns

Gender Differences among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Differential Symptom Patterns

Secular Trends and Latitude Gradients in the Male-Female Ratio at Birth in Yugoslavia and the Ex-Yugoslavian States

Secular trends and latitude gradients in sex ratio at birth in Asia during the past 60 years

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