Temporal Trends and Relationships of Particulate Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Parent Compounds in Urban Air

Abstract

Concentrations of 12 chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs) and the corresponding 5 parent PAHs associated with particulates in urban air in Shizuoka, Japan, were investigated from 1992 to 2002. Among the seven target CIPAHs that were detected in the air samples, 6-chlorobenzo[a]pyrene (6-ClBaP) had the highest mean concentration (15 pg m(-3)), followed by 1-chloropyrene (5.2 pg m(-3)) and 7-chlorobenz[a]anthracene (3.1 pg m(-3)). The concentrations of all the ClPAHs and PAHs, except 6-ClBaP, were higher in winter than in summer. Over the study period, the concentrations of the CIPAHs, except 6-ClBaP, remained almost constant, whereas the parent PAH concentrations declined moderately. There was significant correlation between the concentrations of the ClPAHs (except 3,9- and 9,10-dichlorophenanthrene) and the concentrations of the corresponding parent PAHs. Compositional analysis showed that the proportions of the detected PAHs generally did not vary over the period, whereas the proportion of 6-ClBaP relative to the total ClPAH concentration decreased over time. Comparison of the concentration profile of certain ClPAHs normalized to the concentration of 3-chlorofluoranthene, which is relatively photostable, with the profile for a traffic air sample reported previously revealed that there was no similarity between the two profiles. Factor analysis indicated that the atmospheric behavior of the ClPAHs, except for 6-ClBaP, may be similar to that of the parent PAHs, and that the atmospheric behavior of 6-ClBaP may differ from that of the other ClPAHs. The factor analysis also suggested that the emission sources for the ClPAHs (except for 6-CIBaP) may be similar to the sources of the parent PAHs.

Dechlorane Plus and decabromodiphenyl ether in atmospheric particles of northeast Asian cities

“…The high concentrations of 1-ClPyr and 6-ClBaP among the ClPAHs in our study is in agreement with the profiles reported from air collected at Shizuoka, Japan (Kitazawa et al, 2006), in fly ash from incineration facilities (Horii et al, 2008), and in air collected from a road tunnel (high traffic areas) (Nilsson and Öestman, 1993).…”

“…These results are in agreement with Ohura et al (2013), who reported that atmospheric gaseous and particulate ClPAH concentrations increased significantly in winter. Kitazawa et al (2006) also reported that ClPAH and PAH concentrations in atmospheric particles increased in the cold season and decreased in the warm season. Possible causes for these seasonal trends include: (і) greater emission of particulates from fossil fuel-burning heaters in winter, (іі) gas-particle distributions, and (ііі) photochemical degradation in summer.…”

“…The treatments for the atmospheric particle samples followed almost the same method used by Kitazawa et al (2006). Briefly: the filters were treated ultrasonically for 30 min with 50 mL of dichloromethane containing a stable isotope standard mixture (phenanthrene-d 10 , pyrene-d 10 , chrysene-d 12 , and perylene-d 12 ; 5 ng each).…”

Phase Behavior and Crystal Structure of Binary Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Mixtures

“…Concerns have been raised regarding PAHs due to their known health effects (Luthy et al, 1994;Sun et al, 2003). In addition PAHs, chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs and BrPAHs) are of interest commercially and of concern for their environmental effects (Shiraishi et al, 1985;Haglund et al, 1987;Nilsson and Ostman, 1993;Koistinen et al, 1994a, b;Ishaq et al, 2003;Kitazawa et al, 2006;Horii et al, 2008;Horii et al, 2009;Ohura et al, 2009;Ni et al, 2010;Ohura et al, 2010). The thermodynamic properties of pure PAHs have been widely studied for more than 50 years Wakayama and Inokuchi, 1967;Murray and Pottie, 1974;De Kruif, 1980;Mackay et al, 1982;Bender et al, 1983;Sonnefeld et al, 1983;Hansen and Eckert, 1986;Sato et al, 1986;Hinckley et al, 1990;Nass et al, 1995;Oja and Suuberg, 1997;Ruzicka et al, 1998;Chickos and Acree, 1999;Shiu and Ma, 2000;Burks and Harmon, 2001;Lei et al, 2002;Mackay et al, 2006;Odabasi et al, 2006;Goldfarb and Suuberg, 2008b, a, c;Ma et al, 2010).…”

Analysis of Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Air

“…Nevertheless, some energetic researchers have performed environmental studies of the ClPAHs. Recently, Ohura et al succeeded to synthesize a variety of ClPAHs with 3 to 5 ring as analytical standards ( Figure 1) [10][11][12]. It has been advanced the studies on not only environmental behaviors but also biological effects of ClPAHs.…”