“…However, the increasing or stable trends in factors like depression, physical inactivity, TBI, diabetes mellitus, social isolation, obesity, and excessive alcohol consumption, diverged from the goal of reducing modifiable dementia risk through effective management of modifiable factors. 10 , 41 Challenges such as late detection of diseases (like diabetes), 56 inadequate prevention (like TBI), 57 limited healthcare access (like depression), 58 unintended consequences of economic development and urbanization (like social isolation), 53 and entrenched lifestyle habits (like physical inactively) 54 may hinder progress. To overcome these challenges, targeted interventions such as improving mental health access and promoting community engagement are essential for effective dementia prevention in China.…”