“…(Modified from: The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and connectivity there is evidence to suggest that the earlier ELS is experienced, the more extensive its impact is on development and psychiatric outcomes. Longitudinal clinical studies have shown that childhood maltreatment occurring prior to the age of 5, as compared to individuals with maltreatment occurring later in life, is related to higher levels of psychopathology, including more internalizing and externalizing behaviors, greater emotional dysregulation, decreased neurocognitive functioning (i.e., inhibitory control, working memory), and increased suicidal ideation (Keiley, Howe, Dodge, Bates, & Petti, 2001;Kaplow & Widom, 2007;Lansford, Miller-Johnson, Berlin, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 2007;Kim & Cicchetti, 2010;Cowell, Cicchetti, Rogosch, & Toth, 2015;Gould, Dunlop, Rosenthal, Iosifescu, Mathew, Neylan, et al, 2019). This is in line with developmental psychopathology models that posit that because rapid development across various domains occurs during childhood, the earlier the stress occurs, the greater the likelihood of adverse outcomes in childhood, which then further interferes with development during adolescence (Cicchetti & Toth, 1995).…”