Temporal patterns of sex pheromone titers and release rates inHolomelina lamae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

Schal, Coby; Charlton, Ralph E.; Cardé, Ring T.

doi:10.1007/bf01020542

Cited by 44 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…With respect to pheromone titer, studies usually report either the concentration of pheromone present in the excised ovipositor gland or the concentration of pheromone emitted. This approach is problematic because the relationship between these two measures has not been thoroughly investigated; thus, their relative importance is unclear (Schal et al 1987;Valles et al 1992). Time spent calling (producing pheromone) has been measured in many different ways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many measures of pheromone titer are taken from within the gland, which may be a poor proxy for concentration in the plume. Over a short timescale, the correlation could be negative if a female who has emitted a lot of pheromone has less left in the gland (Schal et al 1987). More data are needed to verify that the concentrations are a useful proxy for each other (e.g., Valles et al 1992).…”

Section: Interpretation Of Empirical and Theoretical Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our data set, time spent calling refers to an earlier onset of calling, which allows for an overall increase in time spent calling each night. Our titer data set includes 29 studies that measured pheromone concentration in the excised gland and five studies that measured pheromones released from the gland, which includes two studies that measured both: one on Holomelina lamae (Schal et al 1987) and one on Diaphania nitidalis (Valles et al 1992; table 1).…”

Section: Empirical Evidence On Female Signaling Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Mothematics of Female Pheromone Signaling: Strategies for Aging Virgins

Umbers¹,

Symonds

Kokko

2015

The American Naturalist

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Although females rarely experience strong mate limitation, delays or lifelong problems of mate acquisition are detrimental to female fitness. In systems where males search for females via pheromone plumes, it is often difficult to assess whether female signaling is costly. Direct costs include the energetics of pheromone production and attention from unwanted eavesdroppers, such as parasites, parasitoids, and predators. Suboptimal outcomes are also possible from too many or too few mating events or near-simultaneous arrival of males who make unwanted mating attempts (even if successfully thwarted). We show that, in theory, even small costs can lead to a scenario where young females signal less intensely (lower pheromone concentration and/or shorter time spent signaling) and increase signaling effort only as they age and gather evidence (while still virgin) on whether sperm limitation threatens their reproductive success. Our synthesis of the empirical data available on Lepidoptera supports this prediction for one frequently reported component of signalingtime spent calling (often reported as the time of onset of calling at night)-but not for another, pheromone titer. This difference is explicable under the plausible but currently untested assumption that signaling earlier than other females each night is a more reliable way of increasing the probability of acquiring at least one mate than producing a more concentrated pheromone plume. Submitted February 24, 2014; Accepted October 3, 2014; Electronically published February 2, 2015 Online enhancement: appendix.abstract: Although females rarely experience strong mate limitation, delays or lifelong problems of mate acquisition are detrimental to female fitness. In systems where males search for females via pheromone plumes, it is often difficult to assess whether female signaling is costly. Direct costs include the energetics of pheromone production and attention from unwanted eavesdroppers, such as parasites, parasitoids, and predators. Suboptimal outcomes are also possible from too many or too few mating events or near-simultaneous arrival of males who make unwanted mating attempts (even if successfully thwarted). We show that, in theory, even small costs can lead to a scenario where young females signal less intensely (lower pheromone concentration and/or shorter time spent signaling) and increase signaling effort only as they age and gather evidence (while still virgin) on whether sperm limitation threatens their reproductive success. Our synthesis of the empirical data available on Lepidoptera supports this prediction for one frequently reported component of signaling-time spent calling (often reported as the time of onset of calling at night)-but not for another, pheromone titer. This difference is explicable under the plausible but currently untested assumption that signaling earlier than other females each night is a more reliable way of increasing the probability of acquiring at least one mate than producing a more concentrated pheromone plume.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interpretation Of Empirical and Theoretical Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Empirical Evidence On Female Signaling Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Mothematics of Female Pheromone Signaling: Strategies for Aging Virgins

Umbers¹,

Symonds

Kokko

2015

The American Naturalist

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“…7,8 In several species, pheromone titer in the gland changes both with age and time during the scotophase or photophase. [9][10][11][12] To accomplish systematic pheromone ecology studies with CLM, it is necessary to know the diel pattern of pheromone release. Because of the small size, direct observation of the calling behavior is very difficult and inaccurate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and time related pheromone production in coffee leafminer Leucoptera coffeella Guérin-Méneville (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

Lima¹,

Vilela²,

Lúcia³

et al. 2008

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Este estudo foi feito para determinar o padrão de produção de feromônio sexual em glândulas de fêmeas virgens de Leucoptera coffeella como uma medida indireta do comportamento de chamamento. O composto principal, 5,9-dimetilpentadecano (1) foi extraído de glândulas de feromônio de fêmeas virgens para ser usado em dois experimentos. No primeiro foi investigado o efeito do tempo na produção do feromônio (extratos de 10 fêmeas de dois dias de idade em intervalos de duas horas) e no outro foi avaliado o efeito da idade das fêmeas na produção de feromônio (10 fêmeas com idade entre 1 e 5 dias após a emergência). Os extratos hexânicos contendo 5 ng µL -1 de 5,9-dimetilheptadecano (2) como padrão interno foram analisados por CG. As fêmeas tiveram as maiores quantidades de feromônio nas últimas quatro horas da escotofase e nas duas primeiras horas da fotofase. Fêmeas de um dia de idade produziram as maiores quantidades de feromônio na glândula.This study was undertaken to access the pattern of sex pheromone production in glands of virgin females of Leucoptera coffeella as an indirect measure of the calling behavior. The major compound, 5,9-dimethylpentadecane (1) was extracted from pheromone glands of virgin females to be used in two experiments. The first one investigated the effect of the pheromone production time by females (extracts of 10 females with age of two days were carried out at 2-hour intervals). The other experiment evaluated the effect of female age on pheromone production (10 females with age ranged from 1 to 5 days after emergence class were used). Hexane extracts were made with 5 ng µL -1 of 5,9-dimethylheptadecane (2) as internal standard and analyzed by GC. Females had the highest amount of pheromone at the last four hours in the dark and the two first hours in the light period. One-day old females produced the highest amount of pheromone in the glands.Keywords: Leucoptera coffeella, Lepidoptera, sex pheromone, 5,9-dimethylpentadecane, pheromone titer, coffee leaf miner IntroductionCoffee leafminer (CLM) Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville) is an important and widely distributed pest among the main coffee-producing countries in the Neotropical region. 1,2 In Brazil, it is considered a key pest of the coffee plant and causes losses up to 50% in production, due to the loss of photosynthetic area as a consequence of necrosis of the leaf surface, and early leaf fall when larval infestation is high. 2 The inclusion of CLM sex pheromone in programs of integrated pest management of coffee through population monitoring has been pointed out by Precetti and Parra. 3 The sex pheromone was previously identified as 5,9-dimethylpentadecane (1). 4 Several aspects of pheromone biology may change significantly with age. In some species, most females initiate calling within 24 h of emergence, 5,6 while in other individuals vary considerably in the age at which calling starts. 7,8 In several species, pheromone titer in the gland changes both with age and time during the scotophase or photophase. [9][10][11][12] To a...

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“…2-Mehyloctadecane was reported as one of sex pheromones extracted of Holomelina lamae (Schal et al, 1987). Heneicosane, 1-docosene, and hexacosane were identified from the hairpencil extracts of various males African milkweed butterfly species (Schulz et al, 1993).…”

Section: Chemicals Previously Identified As Sex Pheromones In Lepidopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related changes in the chemical composition of female pheromone gland of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

El-Gashingy¹,

Naiem²,

Seada³

et al. 2018

Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Zoo.)

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Do h a H e s h a m E l -Ga s h i n g y El-S a e i d A h me d N a i e m M e r v a t Ra f e i k A b o u S e a d a A m a l I b r a h i m S e i fAge-related changes in the chemical composition of female pheromone glands of the Egyptian cotton leafw orm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ABSTRACT:The Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest that attacks a wide range of crops in Egypt. To relate the age with the chemical composition of the pheromone glands of the female S. littoralis, the chemical components of the glands were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC -MS). The pheromone glands of the females were excised at four different ages: newly emerged (D 0 v), one-dayold (D1v), two-day-old (D2v), three-day-old (D3v) and three-day-old mated females (D3m). The pheromone glands contained 54 compounds in the hexane extract, (1 ketone, 1 acetate, 2 fatty acids, 3 esters, 6 aldehydes, 12 alcohols and 29 hydrocarbons). The presence and relative amounts of th ese compounds in the gland varied with age. Few compounds were observed in the glands of D0v, increased in D1v, D2v, and D3v, and remained almost constant in D 3 m. Fifteen compounds were previously identified as sex pheromone components in other Lepidoptera ; the major compounds were the two hydrocarbons, hentriacontane and heptacosane. Another fifteen components were previously identified from different insect orders other than Lepidoptera. The other twenty-four compounds were identified for the first time in insects. Determination and identification the sex pheromones of S. littoralis may present safe biologically active compounds that could be used in the management programs for this pest in Egypt. KEY WORDS:Spodoptera littoralis, Pheromone glands, Gas chromatography and Lepidoptera CORRESPONDENCE:Do h a H e s h a m E l -Ga s h i n g y Entomology Section, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt INTRODUCTION:In the last four decades, there have been extensive researches on insect semiochemicals "The Pherobaseˮ (El-Sayed, 2014).They are chemical compounds implicated in the transfer of information from one individual to another to trigger a behavioral and physiological response in one or both insects (Dicke and Sabelis, 1988 and W olf, 1988; Ando et al., 2004). In Lepidoptera these compounds "The Pherobaseˮ (El-Sayed, 2014) play different roles.Virgin Lepidoptera females emit sex pheromones which cause attraction of males to the location of the female and subsequently, mating takes place (Kingan et al., 1993).In moths pheromone communication signals, both quantitative and qualitative intraspecific differences have been found across geographic regions (Klun, 1975;Roelofs et al., 1985). Such variation has generally been hypothesized to be due to selection and genetic control of these differences (Vogel et al., 2010). The composition of the female pheromone glands S. littoralis is highly dependent on the origin of the strain and its geographical distri...

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Temporal patterns of sex pheromone titers and release rates inHolomelina lamae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

Cited by 44 publications

References 22 publications

The Mothematics of Female Pheromone Signaling: Strategies for Aging Virgins

The Mothematics of Female Pheromone Signaling: Strategies for Aging Virgins

Age and time related pheromone production in coffee leafminer Leucoptera coffeella Guérin-Méneville (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

Age-related changes in the chemical composition of female pheromone gland of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

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