Temporal patterns in silica deposition among siliceous plankton during the spring bloom in the Oyashio region

Ichinomiya, Mutsuo; Gomi, Yasuo; Nakamachi, Miwa; Ota, Takashi; Kobari, Toru

doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.03.010

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It fluoresces an intense yellowish green under UV excitation whenever silicic acid is polymerized forming biogenic silica. Using this PDMPO staining technique, a natural parmalean assemblage was successfully detected in the Oyashio region of the western North Pacific (Ichinomiya et al 2010), making it possible to detect them without SEM observation. In the present study, we describe the first isolation and culture of a parmalean alga and report on its morphological, molecular, and pigment characteristics, which are important in establishing its taxonomic position.…”

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARMALES (HETEROKONTA/HETEROKONTOPHYTA/STRAMENOPILES) FROM THE OYASHIO REGION, WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC¹

Ichinomiya

Yoshikawa

Kamiya

et al. 2010

Journal of Phycology

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A small siliceous species of marine phytoplankton, order Parmales (Heterokonta), was isolated and characterized for the first time with the aid of a fluorescent silicon tracer 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-([4-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbamoyl)-methoxy]phenyl)oxazole (PDMPO). This dye was easily detected by clear fluorescence in newly produced silica cell plates. Our isolate was surrounded by eight smooth plates without any ornamentation, suggesting a similarity to Triparma laevis B. C. Booth. TEM observation showed the typical ultrastructure of photosynthetic heterokontophytes; with two chloroplast endoplasmic reticulate membranes, a girdle lamella, three thylakoid lamellae, and mitochondrion with tubular cristae. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA and rbcL genes showed that the parmalean alga was within the bolidophycean clade of autotrophic naked flagellates and a sister group of diatoms. HPLC analysis detected chl a, c1 + c2 , and c3 ; fucoxanthin; and diadinoxanthin as major photosynthetic pigments, and a composition that is shared with Bolidophyceae and diatoms. Together, these data indicate a close evolutionary relationship between Parmales, Bolidophyceae, and diatoms. The PDMPO-staining procedure should accelerate isolation of other Parmales species, helping to establish their diversity and aiding quantitative study of their role in oceanic processes.

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARMALES (HETEROKONTA/HETEROKONTOPHYTA/STRAMENOPILES) FROM THE OYASHIO REGION, WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC¹

Ichinomiya

Yoshikawa

Kamiya

et al. 2010

Journal of Phycology

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“…data). In this region, small diatoms also form a dense bloom, reaching up to 10 5 -10 6 cells l −1 and >100 µg C l −1 in spring (Isada et al 2009, Ichinomiya et al 2010, Suzuki et al 2011). This would be expected to give them an advantage throughout the euphotic zone in April to May in the Oyashio region.…”

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“…In the Oyashio region, Ichinomiya et al (2010) reported that this species was dominant (> 90%) among the Parmales assemblage in winter. The aim of the present study was to investigate what controls the vertical and horizontal distributions of T. laevis during summer by combining field data collected from across the Oyashio and Kuroshio-Oyashio transition regions with laboratory investigations of growth characteristics under varying temperatures and irradiances.…”

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Growth characteristics and vertical distribution of Triparma laevis (Parmales) during summer in the Oyashio region, western North Pacific

Ichinomiya¹,

Nakamachi²,

Shimizu³

et al. 2013

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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The vertical and regional distribution of Triparma laevis (Parmales), a siliceous picosized eukaryotic marine phytoplankton species, was investigated during summer off the south coast of Hokkaido, Japan, in the western North Pacific. Growth characteristics were also studied in the laboratory using a recently isolated culture strain. T. laevis was abundant in the subsurface layer (30 to 50 m), where water temperature was <10°C, but it was absent above the pycnocline when temperatures were >15°C. Growth experiments revealed that T. laevis was able to grow at 0 to 10°C but not higher than 15°C, indicating that its depth distribution mainly depended on temperature. High irradiances resulted in increased growth rates of T. laevis, with the highest rates of 0. , respectively. Distribution of T. laevis was strongly coupled with the occurrence of Oyashio water. The growth rate of T. laevis was lower than that of bolidophytes and diatoms, which are closely related to Parmales. Bloom forming diatoms in this region have higher growth rates and a broader temperature range (0 to 20°C) and, therefore, might be expected to dominate, but Parmales does manage to co-exist in this region, albeit at a moderate abundance compared to the diatoms. KEY WORDS: Triparma laevis · Parmales · Vertical distribution · Growth characteristics · Oyashio region Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherAquat Microb Ecol 68: [107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116] 2013 was very limited until we managed to isolate and characterize a Parmales species, Triparma laevis, for the first time from the western North Pacific (Ichinomiya et al. 2011). The molecular phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA and the rbcL gene revealed that T. laevis belonged to the class Bolidophyceae, which are autotrophic pico-sized naked flagellates that lack silica structures and form a sister group of diatoms (Guillou et al. 1999a).Some morphological features of Parmales, such as the number of plates or plate ornamentation, are species-specific (Booth & Marchant 1987) and can only be observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). There have been some studies on abundance and distributions of Parmales species (Booth et al. 1980, Bravo-Sierra & Hernán-dez-Becerril 2003, but only 2 studies have assessed growth characteristics using natural Parmales assemblages (Taniguchi et al. 1995, Ichinomiya et al. 2010 and no laboratory growth studies using cultures.The Oyashio Current is located in the southwestern part of the western subarctic gyre in the North Pacific, flowing southwestward along the Kuril Islands and Hokkaido. The flow turns to the east off Honshu, becoming an extension flow. The area surrounded by the Oyashio Current and its extension is called the Oyashio region. The Oyashio region is colder and less-saline than the southern areas, i.e. the subtropical Kuroshio region and KuroshioOyashio transition region, where warm and cold eddies frequently detach from the Kuroshio and Oyashio regions, respectively (Itoh &...

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Parmales

Konno¹,

Jordan²

2012

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The Parmales are a group of marine microalgae, closely related to the Bolidophyceae and the diatoms. The parmalean cell includes a chloroplast (with chlorophylls a + c 1 + c 2 + c 3 ), Golgi body, nucleus, mitochondrion and large vacuole, but lacks flagella. The cell wall is composed of 5–8 interlocking siliceous plates, which exhibit distinct dorsal, ventral, shield and girdle plate morphologies. The group currently includes approximately 20 taxa, mostly described from high latitudes, although some tropical species also have been reported. Parmalean algae reach high absolute abundances in the spring, before sinking to the pycnocline in the summer – a strategy similar to the centric diatoms. Their rare occurrences in sediment trap and surface sediments suggest that the siliceous plates are mostly recycled in the photic zone, yet plates of parmalean algae have been discovered in older sediments, although their true stratigraphic distribution remains unknown. Key Concepts: Recent gene sequences have shown that the Parmales are closely related to the Bolidophyceae and the diatoms, with similar cell features and pigment composition. Cells are covered by 5–8 silicified plates, consisting of three or four types (shield, girdle, ventral and/or distal), arranged in a particular pattern and with distinct morphology, which defines each genus. At present no flagellate stage, ploidy level or life cycle has been identified, however, it is possible that the nonmotile silica plate‐bearing cells are diploid, and alternate with a naked bolidophyte‐like flagellate haploid stage. Most taxa inhabit high latitude areas, although tropical taxa also exist. Studies have shown their ecology is similar to that of the centric diatoms, with assemblages remaining in their silicified form throughout the year and sinking to the pycnocline in the summer. Remains of parmalean cells found in the fossil record suggest at least an early Cenozoic origin, but when molecular clock calculations are made in the future a much older origin is expected.

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Temporal patterns in silica deposition among siliceous plankton during the spring bloom in the Oyashio region

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARMALES (HETEROKONTA/HETEROKONTOPHYTA/STRAMENOPILES) FROM THE OYASHIO REGION, WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC¹

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARMALES (HETEROKONTA/HETEROKONTOPHYTA/STRAMENOPILES) FROM THE OYASHIO REGION, WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC¹

Growth characteristics and vertical distribution of Triparma laevis (Parmales) during summer in the Oyashio region, western North Pacific

Parmales

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Temporal patterns in silica deposition among siliceous plankton during the spring bloom in the Oyashio region

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARMALES (HETEROKONTA/HETEROKONTOPHYTA/STRAMENOPILES) FROM THE OYASHIO REGION, WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC1

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARMALES (HETEROKONTA/HETEROKONTOPHYTA/STRAMENOPILES) FROM THE OYASHIO REGION, WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC1

Growth characteristics and vertical distribution of Triparma laevis (Parmales) during summer in the Oyashio region, western North Pacific

Parmales

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARMALES (HETEROKONTA/HETEROKONTOPHYTA/STRAMENOPILES) FROM THE OYASHIO REGION, WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC¹

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARMALES (HETEROKONTA/HETEROKONTOPHYTA/STRAMENOPILES) FROM THE OYASHIO REGION, WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC¹