Temporal monitoring of subglacial volcanoes with TanDEM-X — Application to the 2014–2015 eruption within the Bárðarbunga volcanic system, Iceland

Rossi, Cristian; Minet, Christian; Fritz, Thomas; Eineder, Michael; Bamler, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.04.003

Cited by 48 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Meanwhile the thinnest part is mostly located in the active lava flow (lava channel and breakouts). This result also has a good agreement with Rossi et al [34] that shows using TanDEM-X data, that the thickness in the lava field ranges between 0 and15 m during 9 September 2014 with the thicker part along the edge and the thinner parts in the middle of the channel. For comparison, 15 points of lava height measurement were done using Theodolite during 3 to 4 September 2014 (location measurement points are in Appendix D).…”

Section: Radiant Flux Time Series During 2014-2015 Holuhraun Eruptionsupporting

confidence: 91%

New Insights for Detecting and Deriving Thermal Properties of Lava Flow Using Infrared Satellite during 2014–2015 Effusive Eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland

et al. 2018

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Abstract:A new lava field was formed at Holuhraun in the Icelandic Highlands, north of Vatnajökull glacier, in 2014Vatnajökull glacier, in -2015. It was the largest effusive eruption in Iceland for 230 years, with an estimated lava bulk volume of~1.44 km 3 covering an area of~84 km 2 . Satellite-based remote sensing is commonly used as preliminary assessment of large scale eruptions since it is relatively efficient for collecting and processing the data. Landsat-8 infrared datasets were used in this study, and we used dual-band technique to determine the subpixel temperature (T h ) of the lava. We developed a new spectral index called the thermal eruption index (TEI) based on the shortwave infrared (SWIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) bands allowing us to differentiate thermal domain within the lava flow field. Lava surface roughness effects are accounted by using the Hurst coefficient (H) for deriving the radiant flux (Φ rad ) and the crust thickness (∆h). Here, we compare the results derived from satellite images with field measurements. The result from 2 December 2014 shows that a temperature estimate (1096 • C; occupying area of 3.05 m 2 ) from a lava breakout has a close correspondence with a thermal camera measurement (1047 • C; occupying area of 4.52 m 2 ). We also found that the crust thickness estimate in the lava channel during 6 September 2014 (~3.4-7.7 m) compares closely with the lava height measurement from the field (~2.6-6.6 m); meanwhile, the total radiant flux peak is underestimated (~8 GW) compared to other studies (~25 GW), although the trend shows good agreement with both field observation and other studies. This study provides new insights for monitoring future effusive eruption using infrared satellite images.

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Section: Radiant Flux Time Series During 2014-2015 Holuhraun Eruptionsupporting

confidence: 91%

New Insights for Detecting and Deriving Thermal Properties of Lava Flow Using Infrared Satellite during 2014–2015 Effusive Eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland

et al. 2018

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“…The structural overview presented here is based on the analysis of satellite imagery and the results of the TanDEM-X satellite mission (Floricioiu et al, 2015;Rossi et al, 2016). For further details on the TanDEM-X data, we refer to those publications.…”

Section: Satellite Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the large dimensions, a good overview of the morphological expressions of the graben is given by satellitebased DEMs, such as those that were earlier presented (Floricioiu et al, 2015;Rossi et al, 2016) or in our study. Given the identified reactivation of preexisting faults (Ruch et al, 2016), we can only speculate about their offset prior to our measurement campaign.…”

Section: Graben Expression and Vertical Throwmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Satellite radar data allowed the survey of these structures at a resolution of better than 10 m (Floricioiu et al, 2015;Rossi et al, 2016); these data revealed details about the crater row and the eruptive fissure. Compared to the crater row of the previous eruption in 1797/98, its final shape is composed of only four major vents along the main fissure, the highest of which (Baugur crater, Figure 2D) reached a height of ∼100 meters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Resolution Digital Elevation Modeling from TLS and UAV Campaign Reveals Structural Complexity at the 2014/2015 Holuhraun Eruption Site, Iceland

et al. 2017

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Fissure eruptions are commonly linked to magma dikes at depth and are associated with elastic and inelastic surface deformation. Elastic deformation is well described by subsidence occurring above the dike plane and uplift and lateral widening occurring perpendicular to the dike plane. Inelastic deformation is associated with the formation of a graben, which is bordered by graben parallel faults that might express as sets of fractures at the surface. Additionally, secondary structures, such as push-ups, bends and step overs, yield information about the deforming domain. However, once these structures are formed during fissure eruptions, they are rarely preserved in nature, due to the effects of rapid erosion, sediment coverage or overprinting by other faulting events. Therefore, simple normal fault displacements are commonly assumed at dikes. At the 2014/2015 Holuhraun eruption sites (Iceland), increasing evidence suggests that developing fractures exhibited variations in their displacement modes. In an attempt to investigate these variations, a fieldwork mapping project combining Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based aerophoto analysis was undertaken. Using these data, we generated local high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and a structural map that facilitated the identification of kinematic indicators and the assessment of the observed structures. We identified 315 fracture segments from these satellite data. We measured the strike directions of single segments, including the amount of opening and opening angles, which indicate that many of the measured fractures show transtensional dislocations. Of these, ∼81% exhibit a significant left-lateral component and only ∼17% exhibit a right-lateral component. Here, we demonstrate that the local complexities in these fracture traces and geometries are closely related to variations in their transtensional opening directions. Moreover, we identified local changes in fracture azimuths and offsets close to eruption sites, which we speculate are associated with geometric changes in the magma feeder itself. The results highlight that the opening of fractures associated with an erupting fissure Müller et al. Structures at Holuhraun may record transtensional modes with both, left-lateral and right-lateral components. These results further highlight the value of using UAV-based high-resolution data to contribute to the integrity of the observations of the structural complexities produced by local geologic events.

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“…TanDEM X-band and SRTM C-band radar have different penetration depths in dense vegetation (Carabajal and Harding, 2006;Hofton et al, 2006;Wessel et al, 2018) and snow and ice (Rignot et al, 2001;Rossi et al, 2016), leading to different height returns. We note this important caveat, but are able to ignore it for our particular study question (land-level change of bare material) and area (only partial vegetation and no permanent snow and ice).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Decadal Vertical Land-level Changes from SRTM-C (2000) and TanDEM-X (~ 2015) in the South-Central Andes

Purinton¹,

Bookhagen²

2018

Preprint

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Abstract.Vertical change is often measured in the cryosphere via digital elevation model (DEM) differencing to assess glacier and icesheet mass balances. This requires the signal of change to outweigh the noise associated with the datasets. On the ice-free earth, land-level change is much smaller in magnitude and thus requires more accurate DEMs for differencing and identification of change. Previously, this has required high-resolution data at small scales. For the first time we measure land-level changes at the 5 scale of entire mountain belts in the south-central Andes using the SRTM-C (collected in 2000) and the TanDEM-X (collected from 2010-2015), both spaceborne radar DEMs. Long-standing errors in the SRTM-C are corrected using the TanDEM-X as a control surface and applying cosine-fit co-registration to remove~1/10 pixel (~3 m) shifts, Fast Fourier Transform and filtering to remove SRTM-C short-and long-wavelength stripes, and blocked shifting to remove remaining complex biases.The datasets are then differenced and outlier pixels are identified as potential signal for the case of gravel-bed channels and 10 hillslopes. We are able to identify signals of incision and aggradation (with magnitudes down to~3 m in best case) in two > 100 km river reaches, with increased geomorphic activity downstream of knickpoints. Anthropogenic gravel excavation and piling is prominently measured, with magnitudes exceeding ±5 m (up to > 10 m for large piles). These values correspond to conservative rates of 0.2 to > 0.5 m/yr for vertical changes in gravel-bed rivers. For hillslopes, since we require stricter cutoffs for noise, we are only able to identify one major landslide with a deposit volume of 16±0.15×10 change can be garnered from TanDEM-X auxiliary layers, however, these are more difficult to quantify. The methods presented can be extended to any region of the world with SRTM-C and TanDEM-X coverage where vertical land-level changes are of interest, with the caveat that remaining vertical uncertainties in primarily the SRTM-C limit detection in steep and complex topography.

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Temporal monitoring of subglacial volcanoes with TanDEM-X — Application to the 2014–2015 eruption within the Bárðarbunga volcanic system, Iceland

Cited by 48 publications

References 49 publications

New Insights for Detecting and Deriving Thermal Properties of Lava Flow Using Infrared Satellite during 2014–2015 Effusive Eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland

New Insights for Detecting and Deriving Thermal Properties of Lava Flow Using Infrared Satellite during 2014–2015 Effusive Eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland

High-Resolution Digital Elevation Modeling from TLS and UAV Campaign Reveals Structural Complexity at the 2014/2015 Holuhraun Eruption Site, Iceland

Measuring Decadal Vertical Land-level Changes from SRTM-C (2000) and TanDEM-X (~ 2015) in the South-Central Andes

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