Temporal Evaluation of Insecticide Resistance in Populations of the Major Arboviral Vector Aedes Aegypti from Northern Nigeria

Mukhtar, Muhammad Mahmood; Ibrahim, Sulaiman S.

doi:10.3390/insects13020187

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…aegypti almost exclusively in these northern states. A recent study (40) also corroborated this finding, as they found only Ae. aegypti in Kano State.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

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Nationwide surveillance identifies yellow fever and chikungunya viruses transmitted by various species ofAedesmosquitoes in Nigeria

Nwangwu,

Oguzie,

Nwachukwu

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Since its reemergence in 2017, yellow fever (YF) has been active in Nigeria. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) has coordinated responses to the outbreaks with the support of the World Health Organization (WHO). The National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NAVRC) handles the vector component of these responses. This study sought to identify the vectors driving YF transmission and any of the targeted arboviruses and their distribution across states. Methods: Eggs, larvae and pupae as well as adult mosquitoes were collected in observational, analytical, and cross-sectional surveys conducted in sixteen YF outbreak states between 2017 and 2020. Adult mosquitoes (field-collected or reared from immature stages) were morphologically identified, and arboviruses were detected using RT-qPCR at the African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID). Results: Aedes mosquitoes were collected in eleven of the sixteen states surveyed and the mosquitoes in nine states were found infected with arboviruses. A total of seven Aedes species were collected from different parts of the country. Aedes aegypti was the most dominant (51%) species, whereas Aedes africanus was the least (0.2%). Yellow fever virus (YFV) was discovered in 33 (~26%) out of the 127 Aedes mosquito pools. In addition to YFV, the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was found in nine pools. Except for Ae. africanus, all the Aedes species tested positive for at least one arbovirus. YFV-positive pools were found in six (6) Aedes species while CHIKV-positive pools were only recorded in two Aedes species. Edo State had the most positive pools (16), while Nasarawa, Imo, and Anambra states had the least (1 positive pool). Breteau and house indices were higher than normal transmission thresholds in all but one state. Conclusion: In Nigeria, there is a substantial risk of arbovirus transmission by Aedes mosquitoes, with YFV posing the largest threat at the moment. This risk is heightened by the fact that YFV and CHIKV have been detected in vectors across outbreak locations. Hence, there is an urgent need to step up arbovirus surveillance and control activities in the country.

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“…aegypti almost exclusively in these northern states. A recent study (40) also corroborated this finding, as they found only Ae. aegypti in Kano State.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…albopictus in Enugu State seems to be spreading beyond the city into suburbs and rural areas now. In contrast, (40), in their study in Northern Nigeria (a hotter and dryer Zone with a much fewer diversity of Aedes species), found only Ae. aegypti from collections made from cities in Kano and Bauchi states, Nigeria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Nationwide surveillance identifies yellow fever and chikungunya viruses transmitted by various species ofAedesmosquitoes in Nigeria

Nwangwu,

Oguzie,

Nwachukwu

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…PBO is increasingly being used as a synergist to investigate the role of P450 monooxygenases in metabolic resistance [47], for example in several studies targeting insect pests of public health and agricultural importance, using mostly pyrethroids [26,[48][49][50]. The contribution of monooxygenases in T. castaneum resistance has been demonstrated in insects by [51] and other researchers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Pesticide Resistance in Rust-Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum, Herbst 1797) from Northern Nigeria Is Probably Driven by Metabolic Mechanisms

et al. 2023

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There is a severe lack of information about molecular mechanisms of pesticide resistance in the rust-red flour beetle, a major pest destroying grains and flour across Nigeria, hindering evidence-based control. Here, we identified to the species level three populations of the red flour beetle from Kano, Nigeria, as Tribolium castaneum (Herbst 1797) and investigated the mechanism driving their insecticide resistance. The IRAC susceptibility bioassays established cypermethrin resistance, with LC50s of 4.35–5.46 mg/mL in the three populations, NNFM, R/Zaki and Yankaba. DDT and malathion resistance were observed in NNFM, with LC50s of 15.32 mg/mL and 3.71 mg/mL, respectively. High susceptibility was observed towards dichlorvos in all three populations with LC50s of 0.17–0.35 mg/mL. The synergist bioassay with piperonylbutoxide significantly restored cypermethrin susceptibility, with mortality increasing almost threefold, from 24.8% obtained with 1.5 mg/mL of cypermethrin to 63.3% in the synergised group (p = 0.013), suggesting a preeminent role of P450s. The two major knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, T929I and L1014F, in the IIS4 and IIS6 fragments of the voltage-gated sodium channel were not detected in both cypermethrin-alive and cypermethrin-dead beetles, suggesting a lesser role of target-site insensitivity mechanisms. These findings highlight the need to explore alternative control tools for this pest and/or utilise synergists, such as piperonyl butoxide, as additional chemistries in pesticide formulations to improve their efficacy.

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“…The products used in the present study were all coated polyester nets and thus belong to the same class of products. Even though, WHO guidelines are for anopheline mosquitoes, many studies have also used non-anopheline mosquitoes for LLIN evaluation [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Aedes aegypti colonies are easier and cheaper to maintain, and the extended and more formal use of Ae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WHO cone bioassay boards with or without holes: relevance for bioassay outcomes in long-lasting insecticidal net studies

Koinari

Bubun

Amos

et al. 2022

Malar J

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Background The World Health Organization (WHO) cone bioassay is a key method used to evaluate the bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) used for malaria control. These tests also play an important role in LLIN product prequalification and longitudinal monitoring. Standardization of these assays is therefore important. While many parameters for WHO cone bioassays are defined in the respective WHO guidelines, others are not. One of these undefined parameters is the exact configuration of the bioassay boards. In cone bioassays, LLIN samples are pinned onto a bioassay board for testing. Anecdotal evidence suggests that bioassay boards with holes behind the LLIN samples lead to greater exposure to insecticide, as the mosquitoes are ‘forced to stand on the net material’. This may increase the key assay outcomes of 60 min knockdown (KD60) and 24 h mortality (M24). The present study tested this hypothesis in two facilities using two fully susceptible mosquito colonies. Methods WHO cone bioassays were performed using bioassay boards with holes and boards without holes in parallel, following WHO guidelines. Five brands of LLINs with four new and unwashed whole net samples per brand were used (total of n = 20 whole nets). Five pieces per whole net sample were prepared in duplicate resulting in a total of n = 100 pairs. Knock-down (KD) was recorded in 10 min intervals within the first hour after exposure and mortality was recorded at 24 h. Assays with Anopheles farauti were done at the Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research (PNGIMR) and assays with Aedes aegypti were done at James Cook University, Australia. Results Results varied not only with bioassay board configuration but also with mosquito colony. In particular, with An. farauti, a significantly higher M24 was observed when boards with holes were used, while this was not observed with Ae. aegypti. WHO cone bioassay results were systematically biased between the two facilities such that the use of An. farauti at PNGIMR predicted higher KD60 and M24. Conclusion The present study highlights the need for further harmonization of WHO cone bioassay methodology. Parameters such as bioassay board configuration and mosquito species systematically affect the observations, which impedes generalizability of WHO cone bioassay outcomes.

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Temporal Evaluation of Insecticide Resistance in Populations of the Major Arboviral Vector Aedes Aegypti from Northern Nigeria

Cited by 13 publications

References 71 publications

Nationwide surveillance identifies yellow fever and chikungunya viruses transmitted by various species ofAedesmosquitoes in Nigeria

Nationwide surveillance identifies yellow fever and chikungunya viruses transmitted by various species ofAedesmosquitoes in Nigeria

Multiple Pesticide Resistance in Rust-Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum, Herbst 1797) from Northern Nigeria Is Probably Driven by Metabolic Mechanisms

WHO cone bioassay boards with or without holes: relevance for bioassay outcomes in long-lasting insecticidal net studies

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