Temporal distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the eastern extreme of the Amazon region

Abstract

Rainfall is one of the most influential factors driving insect seasonality in the Amazon region. However, few studies have analyzed the temporal dynamics of fruit-feeding butterflies in the Brazilian Amazon, specially in its eastern portion. Here, we evaluated the diversity patterns and temporal distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies in a remnant of eastern Amazon forest in the Baixada Maranhense, northeastern Brazil. Specifically, we tested whether fruit-feeding butterflies are temporally structured and whether rainfall influences species richness and abundance. Butterflies were collected with baited traps in both the rainy and dry seasons for two consecutive years. In total, we captured 493 butterflies belonging to 28 species, 15 genera and eight tribes. Three species comprised about half of the overall abundance, and Satyrinae was the most representative subfamily. The fruit-feeding butterfly assemblage showed a strong temporal structure during the second year of sampling, but not during the first year. Species composition and richness did not differ between rainy and dry seasons, and neither abundance nor richness was influenced by rainfall. Our results indicate that seasonality is not a strong environmental filter in this region, and that other biotic and abiotic factors are probably driving the community structure. The predominance of palms in the Baixada Maranhense, which are used as host plants by larvae of several lepidopteran species (specially satyrines) and are available year-round, might have contributed to the observed patterns of temporal diversity.

Climate drives the long-term reproductive investment of a tropical ant community

“…Our results did not depeMaximum temperature appeared to constrain flying ant abundance significantly, which has direct relevance to studies projecting effects of global warming at local scales [19,[57][58]. These results are different from those observed by Añino et al [59] who found mutilid bees to increase with temperature and decrease with rainfall, and to weak links between temperature and rainfall and butterflies in the eastern extreme of the Amazon Basin [60]. The results also differ from broader positive links of ant abundance and temperature across latitudinal or altitudinal gradients [61].…”

Alimentación, comportamiento de oviposición, ciclo de vida y enemigos naturales de Hamadryas feronia (Nymphalidae) en la Amazonía del Perú

“…Del mismo modo Beccaloni et al (2008) reportan como plantas hospederas de H. feronia feronia a Dalechampia scandens en Trinidad y Venezuela, Dalechampia stenosepala en Brasil y Uruguay, Dalechampia tiliifolia en Venezuela y Dalechampia triphylla en Argentina, Brasil y Sur América. Se ha observado que los adultos tienen hábito frugívoro y se alimentan además de savia de la corteza de los árboles, resultados similares reportan Monge-Nájera et al (1998), Junior y Diniz (2015, Silva et al (2015), González-Valdivia et al (2016), Araujo et al (2020), Porath y Aranda (2020), los machos además suelen alimentarse de excretas de animales, éste proceder es común en ninfálidos de la familia Charaxinae y Biblidinae, tal es el caso de machos de Panacea prola amazónica los que fueron observados succionando excretas de animales (Mulanovic, 2007;Vasquez, Lamas, Couturier, & Mejia, 2012). Los adultos de H. feronia feronia se caracterizan por posarse en la corteza de los árboles con la cabeza hacia abajo y con las alas abiertas pasando desapercibidos (DeVries, Murray, & Lande, 1997;Monge-Nájera et al, 1998;Contreras & Contreras, 2010).…”

“…Las larvas de H. feronia feronia son oligófagas y se alimentan de las hojas de varias especies del género Dalechampia en el Neotrópico (Monge-Nájera & Gómez, 2003;Beccaloni, Viloria, Hall, & Robinson, 2008). Los adultos consumen el jugo de frutos y la savia de la corteza de los árboles (Monge-Nájera et al, 1998;Junior & Diniz, 2015;Silva et al, 2015;González-Valdivia et al, 2016;Araujo, Martins, Duarte, & Azevedo, 2020;Porath & Aranda, 2020). La mariposa H. feronia es conocida como la mariposa tronadora o sonora en Costa Rica, por el extraordinario y llamativo sonido que producen, lo cual fue una fuente de inspiración científica que dio inicio a diversas investigaciones, orientadas a su diversidad, la producción de sonido, su morfología distribución espacial, territorialidad, mimetismo y sus plantas alimenticias (Sargent & Keiper, 1969;Monge-Nájera & Hernández, 1991;Monge-Nájera et al, 1998;Yack et al, 2000;Monge-Nájera & Gómez, 2003;Beccaloni et al, 2008;González-Valdivia et al, 2016;Casas-Pinilla et al, 2017;Palacios-Mayoral et al, 2018;Porath & Aranda, 2020).…”

Ficha de Magneuptychia libye

“…Existem registros de Magneuptychia libye nos estados de Roraima, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro e Paraná (Brown Jr., 1987;Mielke & Casagrande, 1991;Brown Jr., & Hutchings, 1997;Freitas, 2003;Garwood et al, 2004;Freitas et al, 2007;Lopes, 2013;Freitas et al, 2016;Martins et al, 2017;Bittencourt, 2019;Melo et al, 2019;Shirai et al, 2019;Araujo et al, 2020;Medeiros et al, 2021).…”