“…2, Table 1), allowed us to isolate brain areas involved in movement generation and then examine with MVPA the preparatory activity (plan phase) that forms between the two trial phases (note that the [execute Ͼ preview] contrast also allowed us to even localize movement-related areas containing baseline activity levels during planning and yet still examine whether predictive movement information is represented in the corresponding spatial voxel patterns). Within this network, we focused MVPA on 11 commonly described neuroanatomical ROIs in both the left and right hemispheres (22 ROIs total), each examined in our previous studies (Gallivan et al, 2011a,b) and each previously implicated in visuomotor processing in both the human and monkey: (1) superior parieto-occipital cortex (SPOC), a general region thought to be involved in reach preparation and execution Prado et al, 2005;Cavina-Pratesi et al, 2010); (2) posterior intraparietal sulcus (pIPS), a general area involved in attention and hand movement-related processes (Calton et al, 2002;Beurze et al, 2009;Chang and Snyder, 2010;Szczepanski et al, 2010); (3) middle IPS (midIPS), an area involved in limb movements Gallivan et al, 2011a,b); (4) anterior IPS (aIPS), a region involved in hand grasping Frey et al, 2005;Tunik et al, 2005;Davare et al, 2007a); (5) an area posterior to anterior IPS (post. aIPS), an area involved in object-related processing and hand preshaping (Valyear et al, 2007;Gallivan et al, 2011b); (6) motor cortex, a region predominantly involved in contralateral limb movement (Tanji et al, 1988;Kim et al, 1993;Cisek et al, 2003) and the primary source of descending projections to spinal cord (Porter and Lemon, 1993); (7) dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), a region primarily involved in reach-related processes (Caminiti et al, 1990a,b;Pesaran et al, 2006;Cavina-Pratesi et al, 2010), although also implicated in grasping (Raos et al, 2004;Cavina-Pratesi et al, 2010); (8) ventral premotor (PMv) cortex, an ROI most often implicated in hand-related actions Graziano et al, 1994;Cavina-Pratesi et al, 2010;Davare et al, 2010); (9) supplementary motor area (SMA) and (10) preSMA, two medial frontal areas involved in internally generated actions and sequencing together limb movements (Kermadi et al, 1997;…”