Temporal denitrification patterns in different horizons of two riparian soils

Abstract

This article examines different views of the European Union (EU) legislative decision-making process through a quantitative analysis of all Commission proposals initiated between 1984 and 1999. Using the positions of Member States, the analysis is innovative in two respects: the identification of the relative importance of institutions and preferences for the process of EU legislative decision making, and the empirical evaluation of the ongoing theoretical controversy between constructivists and spatial analysts about the converging or diverging effect of Member State positions. The findings reveal that the process of EU legislative integration is significantly slowing down, even though Council qualified majority voting facilitates decision making while parliamentary participation modestly increases the duration. Against the constructivist claims of convergence, the results show that the divergence of Member State positions significantly determines the duration of the legislative process, in particular in the key domains of EU integration: the larger the distance between the Member States' positions, the longer the EU decision-making process takes. This suggests that the accession of countries with diverging positions will slow down the EU's legislative process, but institutional reform of the Council's decision-making threshold is a promising solution for coping with this effect.Legislative research on European Union (EU) decision making has entered the stage of quantitative analysis, which can advance dialogue by evaluating where one competing approach applies, controlling for other approaches (Jupille et al. 2003: 29). After years of single proposition studies, 1 rich and systematic data analyses on the process of EU legislative decision making can help answer the most important questions of EU scholars that are raised in the debate not only between spatial analysts 2

The use of machine learning algorithms to design a generalized simplified denitrification model

“…The DEA measurement methods are similar in their adding of substrate quantities, mixing procedures and incubation time. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the response (Da rates) and independent variables (NO Henault and Germon (2000) and low NO − 3 /high OM points in Cosandey et al (2003). Db is weakly correlated with OM (r = −0.43), pH (r = 0.60) and SD (r = 0.60), and pH is weakly correlated with T (r = 0.39).…”

“…Db is weakly correlated with OM (r = −0.43), pH (r = 0.60) and SD (r = 0.60), and pH is weakly correlated with T (r = 0.39). This might be again the result of a sampling bias (e.g., the highest Db and pH soils were measured at 20 • C in Henault and Germon (2000) and Cosandey et al (2003), and the soils with highest Db were also those with the highest pH). Besides conjectures, at this stage we can only suggest that the variation of Da is due to more than one factor and probably in a non-linear way.…”

“…Henault and Germon (2000) and Cosandey et al (2003) measurements may be the less variable (i.e. all the measurements at 20 • C).…”

“…Denitrification rate (Da) rates were measured using the acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) blockage technique (Ryden et al, 1987;Yoshinari et al, 1977). The soil denitrifying potential was either a long term (days, termed Denitrification Potential (LDP) as in Henault and Germon, 2000) or a short term (hours, termed Denitrifying Enzyme Activity (DEA) as in Cosandey et al, 2003;Luo et al, 1999;Oehler et al, 2007;Zaman and Nguyen, 2010) measure. The main differences in measurement techniques are summarized in Table 1.…”

“…The dasabase was built with datasets easily extractable from the literature (Cosandey et al, 2003;Henault and Germon, 2000;Luo et al, 1999;Oehler et al, 2007;Ryden, 1983;Zaman and Nguyen, 2010). Denitrification rate (Da) rates were measured using the acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) blockage technique (Ryden et al, 1987;Yoshinari et al, 1977).…”