Temporal context cues in human fear conditioning: Unreinforced conditional stimuli can segment learning into distinct temporal contexts and drive fear responding

Abstract

In associative learning, if stimulus A is presented in the same temporal context as the conditional stimulus (CS) - outcome association (but not in a way that allows an A-CS association to form) it becomes a temporal context cue, acquiring the ability to activate this context and retrieve the CS-outcome association. We examined whether a CS- presented during acquisition or extinction that predicted the absence of the unconditional stimulus (US) could act as a temporal context cue, reducing or enhancing responding, in differential fear conditioning. Two groups received acquisition (CSx-US, CSa-noUS) in phase 1 and extinction (CSx-noUS; CSe-noUS) in phase 2 (AE groups), and two groups received extinction in phase 1 and acquisition in phase 2 (EA groups). After a delay, participants were presented with either CSa (AEa and EAa groups) or CSe (AEe and EAe groups). Responding to CSx was enhanced after presentation of CSa but reduced after presentation of CSe, suggesting that training was segmented into two learning episodes and that the unreinforced CS present during an episode retrieved the CSx-US or CSx-noUS association. These findings suggest that temporal context cues may enhance or reduce fear responding, providing an exciting new avenue for relapse prevention research.

From Extinction Learning to Anxiety Treatment: Mind the Gap

“…For example, variability in the contexts and stimuli used during extinction training, which can produce a less context or stimulus-specific extinction memory, has been shown to attenuate renewal following laboratory extinction training [62,63,64] and exposure therapy with specific phobias [65,66,67]. Further, the use of a retrieval cue, which is a neutral stimulus present during extinction that can later enhance retrieval of the extinction memory, has shown promise in reducing return of fear in both laboratory [68,69,70] and clinical studies [71,72].…”