Temporal context and the organisational impairment of memory search in schizophrenia

Polyn, Sean M.; McCluey, Joshua D.; Morton, Neal W; Woolard, Austin A.; Luksik, Andrew S.; Heckers, Stephan

doi:10.1080/13546805.2015.1031372

Cited by 14 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, a previous study demonstrated that chronic schizophrenia patients were less likely to use temporal context to organize free recall, but those context deficits were fully accounted for by differences in IQ. 16 Our divergent results show that in FEP, which is closer to the proximity in disease onset, differences in using context to organize free recall are independent of general intelligence. However, extended use of medication and chronic illness may lead to generalized deficits that affect both temporal context and generalized intelligence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In fact, prior research using the CMR framework has shown deficits in using temporal context to support memory recall in chronic schizophrenia. 16 Open questions remain, however, as to which aspects of memory recall organization underlie memory deficits in individuals with first-episode psychosis. Critically, FEP represent a population who is in close proximity to disease onset without the confounds of prolonged antipsychotic use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, we tested whether deficits in the contextual organization of memory relative to normative controls were specific to schizophrenia-related disorders or were transdiagnostic across psychosis. Finally, given a prior report that IQ may account for differences in memory organization in chronic schizophrenia, 16 we evaluated the relationship of IQ with memory performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential patterns of contextual organization of memory in first-episode psychosis

et al. 2018

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Contextual information is used to support and organize episodic memory. Prior research has reliably shown memory deficits in psychosis; however, little research has characterized how this population uses contextual information during memory recall. We employed an approach founded in a computational framework of free recall to quantify how individuals with first episode of psychosis (FEP, N = 97) and controls (CON, N = 55) use temporal and semantic context to organize memory recall. Free recall was characterized using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R). We compared FEP and CON on three measures of free recall: proportion recalled, temporal clustering, and semantic clustering. Measures of temporal/semantic clustering quantified how individuals use contextual information to organize memory recall. We also assessed to what extent these measures relate to antipsychotic use and differentiated between different types of psychosis. We also explored the relationship between these measures and intelligence. In comparison to CON, FEP had reduced recall and less temporal clustering during free recall (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected), and showed a trend towards greater semantic clustering (p = 0.10, Bonferroni-corrected). Within FEP, antipsychotic use and diagnoses did not differentiate between free recall accuracy or contextual organization of memory. IQ was related to free recall accuracy, but not the use of contextual information during recall in either group (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected). These results show that in addition to deficits in memory recall, FEP differed in how they organize memories compared to CON.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential patterns of contextual organization of memory in first-episode psychosis

et al. 2018

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“…Several studies have found that personality variables and clinical conditions correlate with changes in temporal contiguity in delayed free recall. Polyn et al (2015) found that schizophrenic patients exhibited reduced temporal contiguity relative to a control group. Sahakyan and Kwapil (2018) found a reduction in contiguity relative to control among patients with negative schizotypy but not among those with positive schizotypy.…”

Section: Finding 9: Personality and Clinical Variablesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Contiguity in episodic memory

2018

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Recall of one event often evokes memories of other events that occurred nearby in time. In the laboratory, this temporal contiguity effect is observed when subjects study and then recall lists of words: the order in which they recall the words tends to be similar to the original presentation order (for early reviews, see Postman 1971Postman , 1972. Here we provide an overview of what we currently know about the contiguity effect by presenting 34 findings concerning how the effect is influenced by various factors and manipulations. seven sections: basic properties of the contiguity effect in free recall, individual and group differences, manipulations of task parameters, manipulations of stimuli, manipulations of encoding tasks, contiguity in other memory tasks, and contiguity at long time scales. Table 1 lists the 34 findings we will discuss and their original references. We conclude with an evaluation of the ability of six different memory mechanisms to account for the findings: associative chaining, short-term memory, positional coding, chunking, contextual dynamics, and control processes. Basic properties of the contiguity effect in free recallFinding 1: Temporal contiguity in free recall Kahana (1996) quantified the contiguity effect in immediate free recall by computing the probability of successively recalling items as a function of their distance from each other in the study list. After recalling an item studied in position i of the list, one can measure the probability of transitioning to next recall an item studied in position i + lag, conditional on the availability of that item for recall. This measure is called the lag conditional-response probability (lag-CRP). When the list is sufficiently long to allow for transitions at long lags, the lag-CRP decreases monotonically with |lag| ( Fig. 1a plots the lag-CRP to |lag| = 10 for 24-item lists). For shorter lists, long-lag AbstractContiguity is one of the major predictors of recall dynamics in human episodic memory. But there are many competing theories of how the memory system gives rise to contiguity. Here we provide a set of benchmark findings for which any such theory should account. These benchmarks are drawn from a review of the existing literature as well as analyses of both new and archival data. They include 34 distinct findings on how various factors including individual and group differences, task parameters, and type of stimuli influence the magnitude of the contiguity effect. We will see that contiguity is observed in a range of tasks including recognition, paired associates, and autobiographical recall and across a range of time scales including minutes, days, weeks, and years. The broad pattern of data point toward a theory in which contiguity arises from fundamental memory mechanisms that encode and search an approximately time scale invariant representation of temporal distance.

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“…To explore this question, we conducted a median split analysis comparing the older adults with the highest memory scores to the older adults with the lowest memory scores (see the insert in the first panel of Fig 2). Previously analyzed free recall data, including studies that have far less data/subjects than our data set, have been shown to be highly reliable measures of individual differences that predict a variety of factors including age, IQ, memory ability, and clinical variables [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] suggesting that free recall is good measure of differences in memory ability between sub-groups of older adults. As shown in Fig 2, these subgroups showed distinct neural gradients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in the temporal dynamics of spectral power during memory encoding

Healey

Kahana

2020

PLoS ONE

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We examined oscillatory power in electroencephalographic recordings obtained while younger (18-30 years) and older (60+ years) adults studied lists of words for later recall. Power changed in a highly consistent way from word-to-word across the study period. Above 14 Hz, there were virtually no age differences in these neural gradients. But gradients below 14 Hz reliably discriminated between age groups. Older adults with the best memory performance showed the largest departures from the younger adult pattern of neural activity. These results suggest that age differences in the dynamics of neural activity across an encoding period reflect changes in cognitive processing that may compensate for agerelated decline. OPEN ACCESSCitation: Healey MK, Kahana MJ (2020) Agerelated differences in the temporal dynamics of spectral power during memory encoding. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0227274. https://doi.

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Temporal context and the organisational impairment of memory search in schizophrenia

Abstract: The observation of reduced temporal organisation in the patient group is consistent with the proposal that the memory deficit in schizophrenia can be characterised as a deficit in contextual processing.

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Differential patterns of contextual organization of memory in first-episode psychosis

Differential patterns of contextual organization of memory in first-episode psychosis

Contiguity in episodic memory

Age-related differences in the temporal dynamics of spectral power during memory encoding

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