Temporal Characteristics and Spatial Homogeneity of Virtual Water Trade: A Complex Network Analysis

Fan, Xinghua; Li, Xuxia; Yin, Jiuli; Liang, Jiaochen

doi:10.1007/s11269-019-2199-2

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…As a basic input factor for social reproduction, water resources participate in regional social reproduction activities, forming a dual water cycle model of ‘nature–society’ in which the social water cycle of regional social reproduction interacts with the natural water cycle. At the same time, the water resources also transform and migrate between regions in the form of ‘virtual water’ or ‘embedded water’ with the trade of goods and services driven economic forces (Fan et al, 2019; Hassan et al, 2016; Xu et al, 2021), and the resulting trade water cycle, together with the natural and social water cycles, constitutes a ternary ‘nature–society–trade’ water cycle model (Figure 1) (Deng et al, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since British scholar Allan (1993) first proposed the concept of virtual water in the 1990s, virtual water trade has gradually become a hot research area in water resources management in recent decades. Currently, scholars' research on virtual water involves different dimensions, including revealing the implied virtual water flow pattern of trade in a certain product or industry, studying the virtual water trade pattern at different regional spatial scales, and analysing blue, green and grey water footprints (Fan et al, 2019; Hassan et al, 2016; Xu et al, 2021). Driven by artificial and economic forces, water resources are also involved in the production of goods and services in the form of ‘virtual water’, and the regional water cycle has thus shown the characteristics of the ‘nature–society’ binary water cycle (Fang et al, 2014; Li et al, 2018; Qin et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ternary water cycle of ‘nature–society–trade’ in the inland arid areas

Ma,

Xie,

et al. 2024

Hydrological Processes

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Water cycle is important for maintaining the dynamic balance of regional water resources. Here, based on the input–output water circulation flux accounting model, we take Xinjiang as a case area to empirically explore the mechanism of the ‘nature‐society‐trade’ ternary water cycle. The results show that the water transferred out was much larger than the transferred in in Xinjiang. The scale of water resources development and utilization and the social water cycle fluxes have been constantly expanding, but there was a mismatch between the hydrological system and the socio‐economic system in terms of water resource utilization. From 2007 to 2017, agriculture had always been the department with the largest amount of direct water consumption and virtual water transfer in Xinjiang, which mainly transferred virtual water to the light industry and service sector where the production of final products requires large amounts of agricultural products as raw materials or intermediate products. In Xinjiang, the virtual water transferred outside through trade in products and services was much larger than the virtual water transferred in from other regions, and it was thus always in a state of net virtual water outflow as a whole. In inter‐provincial trade of China, Xinjiang mainly transferred virtual water to areas with abundant water resources, developed economies and dense populations in eastern China. Lastly, we put forward targeted suggestions on the optimal allocation of water resources to promote the sustainable development of Xinjiang and we hope that our study will be instructive for water resources management in other arid inland river basins.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ternary water cycle of ‘nature–society–trade’ in the inland arid areas

Ma,

Xie,

et al. 2024

Hydrological Processes

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“…1. Utilize common indicators of complex networks for analysis and discussion (Fan et al, 2019). The specific indicators of the complex network involved are shown in Supplementary Material S1.…”

Section: Evolution Network Of Aluminum Ore Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Trade network characteristics, competitive patterns, and potential risk shock propagation in global aluminum ore trade

Wang

Chen²,

Wang³

et al. 2023

Front. Energy Res.

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Aluminum is an essential strategic mineral resource. The geographical space distribution characteristics make the aluminum ore trade relationship more complicated. This paper analyzes the evolution characteristics, spatial migration, and trade competition of aluminum ore trade from 2011 to 2020. This paper constructs the aluminum supply risk propagation network Aluminum Supply Risk Spread Network to analyze the propagation path, impact scope, and potential impact of different risk outbreak sources. The results show that a few countries control more aluminum ore resources, and the trade community and center of trade gravity have changed significantly. Trade competition gradually intensifies, mainly concentrated in Asia and Europe. When supply risk occurs, the threat spreads rapidly. This paper selects four major trading countries Brazil, Guinea, Australia, and China, as risk outbreak countries. Risk outbreak mainly shows three typical characteristics. Meanwhile, indirect infections account for a large proportion, and China plays an essential role in trade. Finally, based on these findings, some suggestions to maintain the stability of the aluminum resource trade and improve its ability to resist risks for China.

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“…Taking a step further, hoekstra and hung [2] introduced the concept of the water footprint, which is the cumulative virtual water content of all goods and services consumed by one individual or by the individuals of one country. from a water resource perspective, international trade is seen today as a means of exchanging water between the world's regions [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: the Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management

Rocha¹,

Studart²,

Portela³

et al. 2021

Int. J. EI

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The virTual waTer flow of crops in semiarid ceará, Brazil: The impacTs on The sTaTe's waTer resources managemenT sÉrgio rodrigues rocha 1 , Ticiana de carvalho sTudarT 2 , maria manuela porTela 3 , marTina zelenaKova 4 & rogÉrio soliani sTudarT filho 5 ¹central Bank of Brazil ²ufc, Brazil ³isT/ul, ceris, portugal 4 TuKe, slovakia 5 nova, portugal aBsTracT global markets foster economic growth, but production of traded goods also impacts water resource use. This is especially true for semiarid regions, given that increasing agricultural exports is a crucial pro-poor development strategy. The aim of this paper is to quantify the contribution of agricultural trade in terms of virtual water flows -blue, green and grey -between the state of ceará-Brazil and its international partners from 1997 to 2012 and to analyse its impacts in the state's water resources policy. essentially, all virtual water exported and imported by ceará in agricultural products came from cashew nuts and wheat, corresponding in both cases up to 72% of green water. interestingly, virtual green water has an important role in production but has been underestimated in the state's water resources management model, which despite successful focuses exclusively on blue water. The results show that the commercial balance of the total virtual water was always negative, meaning that ceará imported more virtual water than it exported; this outcome is aligned with its water-scarce condition.

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Temporal Characteristics and Spatial Homogeneity of Virtual Water Trade: A Complex Network Analysis

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

The ternary water cycle of ‘nature–society–trade’ in the inland arid areas

The ternary water cycle of ‘nature–society–trade’ in the inland arid areas

Trade network characteristics, competitive patterns, and potential risk shock propagation in global aluminum ore trade

The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: the Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management

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