Temporal behavior of resonant-optical-waveguide phase-locked diode laser arrays

Ramanujan, Sujatha; Winful, Herbert G.; Felisky, M.; DeFreez, Richard K.; Botez, D.; Jansen, M.; Wisseman, Phil

doi:10.1063/1.111027

Applied Physics Letters

1994

DOI: 10.1063/1.111027

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Temporal behavior of resonant-optical-waveguide phase-locked diode laser arrays

Sujatha Ramanujan

Herbert G. Winful

M. Felisky

et al.

Abstract: Measurements of the temporal and spatial behavior of resonant optical waveguide (ROW) laser arrays with significant interelement loss reveal the presence of sustained self-pulsations in the output intensity of the laser. The mechanism responsible for pulsations is believed to be saturable absorption arising from the presence of absorbers in the interelement regions. This is experimentally confirmed in that reduction or elimination of the interelement loss suppresses the pulsations. Quiescent behavior is obtain… Show more

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Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…This is nonsaturatable loss, since carriers absorbed in the p + -GaAs layers are swept away to the metal contact, and thus one can prevent selfpulsations due to saturable absorption. 14 As seen from Fig. 3͑b͒, at resonance, the in-phase mode is hardly affected; only a 2% increase in J th ; while the J th values for the competing modes increase by ϳ30% compared to the case of no heavily-doped regrowths ͓Fig.…”

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confidence: 73%

High power, single-mode operation from photonic-lattice semiconductor lasers with controllable lateral resonance

Li¹,

Xu²,

Botez³

2006

Applied Physics Letters

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An active-photonic-crystal ͑APC͒ laser based on laterally resonant arrays of antiguides is proposed and demonstrated. Approximately 1-m-wide, high-index APC sites are obtained by preferential etching and GaAs regrowth into a GaAs/ InGaP / AlGaAs base structure. For 4-m-wide, low-index APC sites ϳ0.28-m-thick regrowths provide resonant leaky-wave coupling across a 100-m-wide aperture ͑i.e., across a 20-element APC structure͒ at 0.98 m vacuum wavelength. Large intermodal discrimination favoring in-phase mode operation to high drive levels is obtained at and around the in-phase mode resonance by introducing significant nonsaturatable losses in the high-index sites. The lateral-resonance condition is controlled during fabrication via small variations in the preferential-regrowths thickness on several pieces from the same wafer base. Virtually single-lobe, near-diffraction-limited beam operation is obtained up to 1.1 W peak power at 11 times threshold. This also represents the demonstration of the lateral component needed for the realization of two-dimensional ͑2D͒ grating surface-emitting, single-mode APC lasers. © 2006 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.2180443͔Resonant antiguided laser arrays ͓so-called resonantoptical-waveguide ͑ROW͒ arrays͔ 1,2 have demonstrated operation in near-diffraction-limited beams to watt-range powers in both pulsed 3 and continuos-wave ͑CW͒ regimes. 4 The ROW array was shown more than a decade ago 5 to be analogous to a second-order distributed feedback ͑DFB͒ structure in the lateral propagation direction, for which the Bragg condition is exactly satisfied and the modes are band-edge solutions. Periodic gain modulation selects operation in a large, single spatial mode. Thus the ROW array was the first activephotonic-crystal ͑APC͒ structure for ͑lateral͒ spatial-mode selection and control in large-aperture ͑ജ100 m͒ semiconductor diode lasers. The analogy to DFB structures was further extended 6 by deriving the equations for the lateral-wave amplitudes, which are found to be identical to the wellknown coupled-wave equations in DFB-laser theory 7 since, at and near the resonance condition, the reflectance of a lateral wave from one cell of the APC structure is quite small. 6,8 Unlike the vast majority of one-dimensional ͑1D͒ APC devices, for ROW arrays the gain is preferentially enhanced on the low-index crystal sites, 1,2,9 which in turn favors lasing of only the leaky-wave modes of the periodic structure.Conventional ROW arrays have p-cladding layer thicknesses of typical values: 1 -1.5 m. High-͑effective͒-index interelement regions are formed by burying n-GaAs islands deep inside the p-cladding layers, in close proximity to the active region. Thus one cannot insure during the device fabrication that the lateral resonance condition will be fulfilled.Here we present a different type of ROW-array structure. Compared to conventional devices, it has a thinner p-cladding layer ͑only 0.4 m compared to 1.5 m͒ and the high-index GaAs islands are formed by regrowth into the device top...

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mentioning

confidence: 73%

High power, single-mode operation from photonic-lattice semiconductor lasers with controllable lateral resonance

Li¹,

Xu²,

Botez³

2006

Applied Physics Letters

Self Cite

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show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have previously demonstrated [2] the first simultaneous singlefrequency and single-spatial-mode operation from resonant antiguided arrays by employing distributed-feedback (DFB) for frequency discrimination and interelement loss for spatialmode selection (i.e., ROW-DFB arrays). It has been shown [3], however, that the presence of interelement loss could lead to self-pulsations due to saturable absorption at high drive levels. High-power coherent operation of such arrays could, therefore, benefit from novel spatial-mode selection that does not rely on absorbing interelement regions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed-feedback grating used as an array-mode selector in resonant antiguided diode laser arrays: effects of the mirror facet position with respect to the grating

Nesnidal

Mawst

Botez

et al. 1998

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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L ARGE-APERTURE, resonant and nearly resonant antiguided diode laser arrays (so-called ROW arrays) have demonstrated the ability to operate in-phase with stable, diffraction-limited beams to record-high pulsed and continuous-wave (CW) output powers [1] due primarily to their high effective-index step ( 0.05). The desired spatial-mode operation is achieved by designing the array such that the in-phase mode is laterally resonant. Discrimination against higher order spatial modes is usually provided by placing loss in the high effective-index interelement regions, suppressing modes with significant interelement field. We have previously demonstrated [2] the first simultaneous singlefrequency and single-spatial-mode operation from resonant antiguided arrays by employing distributed-feedback (DFB) for frequency discrimination and interelement loss for spatialmode selection (i.e., ROW-DFB arrays). It has been shown [3], however, that the presence of interelement loss could lead

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0.45 W diffraction-limited beam and single-frequency operation from antiguided phase-locked laser array with distributed feedback grating

Nesnidal

Earles

Mawst

et al. 1998

Applied Physics Letters

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A second-order diffraction grating placed below the active region of a phase-locked resonant antiguided array selects the in-phase array mode in addition to its role as a single-longitudinal-mode selector. This type of array-mode discrimination relies on the fact that the resonant in-phase array mode has significantly better field overlap with the grating region than nonresonant array modes. Furthermore, it eliminates the need for a conventional array-mode discriminator: interelement loss; which can cause self-pulsations. Diffraction-limited beam and single-frequency operation is obtained to at least 0.45 W peak pulsed power from 20 element, InGaAs/InGaP/GaAs structures (ϭ0.97 m) of 120-m-wide aperture. Distributed-feedback operation is confirmed over the 20-40°C temperature range. The results are in good agreement with theory. © 1998 American Institute of Physics. ͓S0003-6951͑98͒02531-5͔The ability to produce high-power, single-frequency, single-spatial-mode light sources is of fundamental importance to applications such as coherent free-space optical communications, blue-light generation via frequency doubling, midinfrared light generation via parametric frequency conversion, and low-noise sources for high-fidelity rf optical links. Large-aperture ͑у100 m͒ devices such as the fanouttype master-oscillator power amplifier ͑MOPA͒ 1 and the ␣-distributed-feedback ͑DFB͒ laser 2 have displayed high diffraction-limited, single-frequency powers. However, such devices, having weak or no lateral-mode confinement, possess inherent instabilities, 3-6 thus raising serious issues of long-term stability and reliability. Therefore, there is a need for coherent large-aperture devices which not only select fundamental-mode operation but also maintain a stable mode to high drive levels.As in the case of single-element devices, large-aperture emitters can achieve lateral-mode stability only by introducing strong built-in index guiding (⌬nу0.01). Resonant antiguided diode laser arrays ͑ROW arrays͒ 7 with 100-200-m-wide apertures have demonstrated the ability to operate in-phase with stable, diffraction-limited or near-diffractionlimited beams to record-high pulsed and cw output powers.7-10 Such performances are due primarily to the devices' high effective-index step (⌬n eff ϳ0.05) and inherent stability against multimoding via gain spatial hole burning ͑GSHB͒.11 Discrimination against higher order spatial modes is usually provided by placing loss in the high effectiveindex interelement regions, 7 in turn suppressing modes with significant interelement field. However, it has been shown 12 that the presence of interelement loss could trigger selfpulsations due to saturable absorption at high power levels. Therefore, in order to assure stable, coherent high powers from antiguided arrays, there is a need for a novel spatialmode selector that does not rely on interelement loss.Here we present the first experimental proof of the concept 13 that a DFB grating placed below the active region of a ROW array selects both a single longitudina...

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Temporal behavior of resonant-optical-waveguide phase-locked diode laser arrays

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

High power, single-mode operation from photonic-lattice semiconductor lasers with controllable lateral resonance

High power, single-mode operation from photonic-lattice semiconductor lasers with controllable lateral resonance

Distributed-feedback grating used as an array-mode selector in resonant antiguided diode laser arrays: effects of the mirror facet position with respect to the grating

0.45 W diffraction-limited beam and single-frequency operation from antiguided phase-locked laser array with distributed feedback grating

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